Alert archive / North Carolina / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2018

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 76, NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC

June 1, 2018Union County, North Carolina

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 1, 2018, 8:54 PM EDT for Union County, North Carolina. It was in force for 33 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued
Jun 1, 2018, 8:54 PM EDT (00:54 UTC)
Expired
Jun 1, 2018, 9:27 PM EDT
In force
33 min
Issued by
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
Area
Storm-based polygon
Hail
1.0 in
Wind
60.0 mph

County Union County, NC

The radar

The Columbia radar (KCAE), 141 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 00:58 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

TimeReportWhereRemark
Jun 1, 9:10 PM EDTTSTM WND DMGMonroe, NCREPORTS OF MANY TREES BLOWN DOWN FROM MONROE EAST TOWARD THE COUNTY LINE.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched one storm report to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 16 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 00:00Z, 0.9 hours before the alert went out and 121 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 00:00Z on 2018-06-02Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 0 joules per kilogram.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 00:00Z on 2018-06-02The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity -142 square meters per square second.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
No buoyant parcel
Mixed-layer LCL
1661 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
5 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
-142 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
-145 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

996 
WUUS52 KGSP 020054
SVRGSP
NCC179-020145-
/O.NEW.KGSP.SV.W.0076.180602T0054Z-180602T0145Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
Severe Thunderstorm Warning
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
854 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

The National Weather Service in Greenville-Spartanburg has issued a

* Severe Thunderstorm Warning for...
  Union County in the Piedmont of North Carolina...

* Until 945 PM EDT.

* At 854 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 6 miles east of
  Monroe, or over Wingate, moving east at 35 mph.

  HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

  SOURCE...Radar indicated.

  IMPACT...Minor hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind 
           damage to trees and power lines.

* Locations impacted include...
  Monroe, Unionville, Wingate, Marshville, Lake Park, Hemby Bridge,
  Fairview In Union County, Sturdivants, Trinity and New Salem.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Scattered trees and power lines will be blown down in the warned
area. Seek shelter inside an interior room.

This storm is producing frequent and intense lightning. Turn off
electrical appliances. Do not use corded telephones. Do not take a
bath or shower.

This storm is also producing extremely heavy rainfall. Flooding of
drainage ditches and low lying areas may occur. Small streams will
rise rapidly. Do not drive through areas where water is flowing over
the road.

Please report damaging winds, hail, or flooding to the National
Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg by calling toll free, 1, 800,
2 6 7, 8 1 0 1, or by posting on our Facebook page, or Tweet it using
hashtag nwsgsp. Your message should describe the event and the
specific location where it occurred.

&&

LAT...LON 3481 8032 3482 8051 3495 8062 3512 8066
      3521 8055 3518 8049 3518 8048 3517 8047
      3516 8044 3517 8042 3516 8041 3518 8037
      3517 8036 3520 8028
TIME...MOT...LOC 0054Z 256DEG 29KT 3498 8043 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

MOORE
2 follow-up statements
442 
WWUS52 KGSP 020106
SVSGSP

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
906 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

NCC179-020145-
/O.CON.KGSP.SV.W.0076.000000T0000Z-180602T0145Z/
Union NC-
906 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 945 PM EDT
FOR UNION COUNTY...

At 906 PM EDT, a severe thunderstorm was located 12 miles east of
Monroe, or near Marshville, moving east at 35 mph.

HAZARD...60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail.

SOURCE...Radar indicated.

IMPACT...Minor hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind 
         damage to trees and power lines.

Locations impacted include...
Monroe, Unionville, Wingate, Marshville, Lake Park, Hemby Bridge,
Fairview In Union County, Sturdivants, Trinity and New Salem.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Scattered trees and power lines will be blown down in the warned
area. Seek shelter inside an interior room.

This storms is also producing extremely heavy rainfall. Flooding of
drainage ditches and low lying areas may occur. Small streams will
rise rapidly. Do not drive through areas where water is flowing over
the road.

Please report damaging winds, hail, or flooding to the National
Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg by calling toll free, 1, 800,
2 6 7, 8 1 0 1, or by posting on our Facebook page, or Tweet it using
hashtag nwsgsp. Your message should describe the event and the
specific location where it occurred.

&&

LAT...LON 3481 8032 3482 8051 3495 8062 3512 8066
      3521 8055 3518 8049 3518 8048 3517 8047
      3516 8044 3517 8042 3516 8041 3518 8037
      3517 8036 3520 8028
TIME...MOT...LOC 0106Z 256DEG 29KT 3500 8031 

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH
 
$$

MOORE
485 
WWUS52 KGSP 020127
SVSGSP

Severe Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
927 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

NCC179-020137-
/O.CAN.KGSP.SV.W.0076.000000T0000Z-180602T0145Z/
Union NC-
927 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR UNION COUNTY IS CANCELLED...
        
The storm which prompted the warning has weakened below severe
limits, and has exited the warned area. Therefore the warning has
been cancelled.  However heavy rain is still possible with this
thunderstorm.

LAT...LON 3481 8032 3482 8051 3495 8062 3512 8066
      3521 8055 3518 8049 3518 8048 3517 8047
      3516 8044 3517 8042 3516 8041 3518 8037
      3517 8036 3520 8028
TIME...MOT...LOC 0126Z 256DEG 29KT 3504 8010 

$$

MOORE

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 1, 8:04 PM EDT, 50 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 1, 8:04 PM EDT, 50 minutes before
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
804 PM EDT Fri Jun 1 2018

.SYNOPSIS...
A moist airmass will persist through the weekend keeping a chance of
showers and thunderstorms in the forecast. A drier and seasonable
air mass will arrive behind a passing cold front early next week.

&&

.NEAR TERM /THROUGH SATURDAY/...
As of 510 pm: Convection has gotten going over the past couple of
hours across the NC Foothills and Northern Piedmont, as well as,
NE Georgia. A handful of severe thunderstorm warnings have already
been issued on the strongest storms with more warnings expected
over the next few hours. Deep layer shear will begin increasing
from the west over the next several hours, but for the most part,
we're still expecting mostly pulse cells, or perhaps some small-scale
multicell clustering. In terms of any lingering hydro threat, it's
looking like the better coverage will remain east and south of the
areas with the most dire antecedent conditions, but still cannot
completely rule out a risk of localized flash flooding.

Convection should diminish later this evening in typical fashion,
although a low level NW flow developing in the wake of a mid-level
short wave trough could allow for the occasional shower along the
Tennessee border. Min temps will continue to run a few degrees above
normal. With weak subsidence developing downstream of a TN/OH Valley
short wave ridge, along with weak downslope flow, deep convection
may initially have a tough go of it on Saturday. However, forecast
soundings indicate more than ample instability, with little
inhibition. As such, scattered convection should eventually fire
along across the ridge tops and move southeast, warranting 30-50
pops across the mountains, and 20-30 across the Piedmont. Max temps
will be similar to today's readings.

&&

.SHORT TERM /SATURDAY NIGHT THROUGH MONDAY/...
As of 2:35 PM Friday: The first part of this forecast cycle should
feature an end to lingering showers and thunderstorms Saturday
evening. This is a result of the diurnal cycle ending and the first
upper level trough shifting off to the east.

We may have a short period of upper level ridging late Saturday
night into Sunday morning. But that will be short lived as a second
trough digs rapidly (northwesterly flow aloft )into our forecast
area (FA), roughly late Sunday morning into Sunday evening. This
upper level trough will be accompanied by a secondary cold front.

The combination of frontal convergence and a decent lobe of energy
with the system, should tap residual moisture allowing for updrafts
and scattered showers and thunderstorms to develop. CAPES remain
very respectable, between 1000-2000 J/KG, and 0-6km bulk shear is up
at around 30 kts. However, there is a fair amount of inhibition, and
potential warm layer persisting. We have edged the POPS Sunday up
slightly and will watch for later changes in the convective
parameters.

The showers and thunderstorms should wane Sunday evening, with dry
conditions by Monday morning.

We should remain generally under a northwest flow aloft Monday with
dry conditions. The exception might be in our northern NC mountains
with a cool pool, and a combination of lingering moisture. As a
resul we will carry a few showers Monday afternoon.

Final note on the shower and thunderstorm potential in this period:
it appears showers and thunderstorms will be moving along, based on
sounding information. However we will monitor any slowing of the
showers and storms which might cause a local flash flood threat.

In the temperature department, the thermal profiles are showing a
nice warm-up Sunday, before the frontal passage. Following into
Monday we should shave at least a few degrees (at least) in
comparison to Sunday.

&&

.LONG TERM /MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH FRIDAY/...
As of 200 PM Friday: Much drier air continues to filter across the
region Monday night and Tuesday on both the GFS and ECMWF. The GFS
has surface high pressure centered over the SE States late Tuesday.
A backdoor cool front drops down mid week but timing is different
from GFS and EC. The EC keeps us dry through the late week although
low pressure over north Florida to offshore SC brings some moisture
near piedmont at the end of the week. The GFS now has increasing
moisture late in the week with the backdoor front stalling over our
area Thursday with a shortwave dropping down from NW on Friday with
good coverage of convection to start the weekend. Since this is the
first run with this increased moisture, will hold off and only
increase POPs just a tad. Temps near normal.

&&

.AVIATION /00Z SATURDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY/...
At KCLT and elsewhere: We've had some impressive thunderstorms
develop across the area late this afternoon and early this evening.
The convection is currently moving east across the SC Upstate and
NC Piedmont and should move out of our area over the next few hours.
I kept a TEMPO at KCLT for reduced visby and TSRA from 00 to 02z
for any lingering convection and prevailing SHRA at KAND for the
same time period. Occurrence of fog and/or low stratus late tonight/
early tomorrow will be hit and miss with those sites that received
decent rainfall carrying restrictions starting around 10z. SWLY
winds are expected to persist through the overnight becoming more
WLY and then NWLY tomorrow afternoon/evening.

Outlook: Scattered afternoon/evening showers and thunderstorms,
along with morning fog at a few locations and/or low cigs are possible
each day through Sunday night. Drier high pressure will build in from
the NW on Monday, resulting in lower convective potential and less
potential for restrictions thru the middle of next week.

Confidence Table...

            00-06Z        06-12Z        12-18Z        18-00Z
KCLT       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%
KGSP       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%
KAVL       High 100%     Low   59%     High  94%     High 100%
KHKY       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%
KGMU       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%
KAND       High 100%     High 100%     High 100%     High 100%

The percentage reflects the number of guidance members agreeing
with the scheduled TAF issuance flight rule category. Complete hourly
experimental aviation forecast consistency tables and ensemble forecasts
are available at the following link:

www.weather.gov/gsp/aviation

&&

.GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...None.
NC...None.
SC...None.

&&

SYNOPSIS...DEO
NEAR TERM...JPT
SHORT TERM...TS
LONG TERM...DEO
AVIATION...JPT
Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 1, 7:30 PM EDT, 1 hour 24 minutes before
Hazardous Weather Outlook
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
730 PM EDT Fri Jun 1 2018

GAZ010-017-018-026-028-029-NCZ033-035>037-048>053-056>059-062>065-
068>072-082-501>510-SCZ001>014-019-021100-
Rabun-Habersham-Stephens-Franklin-Hart-Elbert-Avery-Alexander-
Iredell-Davie-Madison-Yancey-Mitchell-Swain-Haywood-Buncombe-Catawba-
Rowan-Graham-Northern Jackson-Macon-Southern Jackson-Transylvania-
Henderson-Cleveland-Lincoln-Gaston-Mecklenburg-Cabarrus-Union-
Caldwell Mountains-Greater Caldwell-Burke Mountains-Greater Burke-
McDowell Mountains-Eastern McDowell-Rutherford Mountains-
Greater Rutherford-Polk Mountains-Eastern Polk-Oconee Mountains-
Pickens Mountains-Greenville Mountains-Greater Oconee-
Greater Pickens-Greater Greenville-Spartanburg-Cherokee-York-
Anderson-Abbeville-Laurens-Chester-Greenwood-
730 PM EDT Fri Jun 1 2018

This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northeast Georgia, piedmont
North Carolina, western North Carolina and upstate South Carolina.

.DAY ONE...Tonight.

Scattered to numerous showers and thunderstorms will gradually
diminish as the evening wears on. Until then, pockets of heavy
rain, gusty or damaging winds, large hail and cloud to ground
lightning can be expected. The heavy rain could lead to local
flooding if storms persist, or repeat, over the same area.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Saturday through Thursday.

..Saturday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Sunday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Monday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Tuesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Wednesday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.
..Thursday...No hazardous weather is expected at this time.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

Skywarn spotters are requested to forward any reports of large hail,
damaging winds, or flash flooding to our office.

ACS

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 1, 7:07 PM EDT, 1 hour 47 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
707 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0642 PM     TSTM WND DMG     GREENWOOD               34.19N 82.15W
06/01/2018                   GREENWOOD          SC   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            REPORTS OF MANY TREES AND POWERLINES DOWN ACROSS THE
            COUNTY. ONE TREE ON HOUSE IN GREENWOOD ON LINDSEY AVE.

&&

KRENTZ
Local storm report, Jun 1, 7:18 PM EDT, 1 hour 36 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
718 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0650 PM     TSTM WND DMG     LAURENS                 34.50N 82.03W
06/01/2018                   LAURENS            SC   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            COUNTY OFFICIALS REPORTS MANY TREES AND POWERLINES BLOWN
            DOWN ACROSS THE NORTHERN PART OF THE COUNTY.

0650 PM     TSTM WND DMG     CROSS HILL              34.30N 81.98W
06/01/2018                   LAURENS            SC   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            COUNTY OFFICIALS REPORTS MANY TREES AND POWERLINES BLOWN
            DOWN ACROSS THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE COUNTY.

&&

KRENTZ
Local storm report, Jun 1, 7:37 PM EDT, 1 hour 17 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
737 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0718 PM     TSTM WND DMG     4 SSE UNION             34.67N 81.60W
06/01/2018                   UNION              SC   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            REPORTS OF MANY TREES BLOWN DOWN ACROSS THE SOUTHERN PART
            OF THE COUNTY.

&&

KRENTZ
Local storm report, Jun 1, 8:31 PM EDT, 23 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
831 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0724 PM     TSTM WND DMG     4 W HICKORY GROVE       34.99N 81.49W
06/01/2018                   CHEROKEE           SC   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            COUNTY REPORTS MANY TREES BLOWN DOWN.

&&

KRENTZ
Local storm report, Jun 1, 8:42 PM EDT, 12 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
842 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0816 PM     FLASH FLOOD      4 W YORK                35.00N 81.30W
06/01/2018                   YORK               SC   AMATEUR RADIO

            REPORT OF URBAN FLOODING DUE TO POOR DRAINAGE.SUTTON
            SPRINGS RD AT ROUTE 19 HAS 8-10 INCHES OF STANDING WATER.

&&

KRENTZ
Special weather statement, Jun 1, 8:49 PM EDT, 5 minutes before
Special Weather Statement
National Weather Service Greenville-Spartanburg SC
849 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

NCZ068-070-SCZ008-009-020115-
Gaston NC-Cleveland NC-York SC-Cherokee SC-
849 PM EDT FRI JUN 1 2018

...A STRONG THUNDERSTORM WILL IMPACT SOUTHEASTERN CLEVELAND...
SOUTHEASTERN GASTON...NORTHERN YORK AND NORTHEASTERN CHEROKEE
COUNTIES UNTIL 915 PM EDT...

At 848 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm 7
miles north of York, or near Clover, moving east at 20 mph.

Locations to be impacted include...
York, Rock Hill, Gastonia, Fort Mill, Tega Cay, Clover, Newport, Town
Of Lake Wylie, Blacksburg and Smyrna.

Wind gusts up to 40 mph and very heavy rainfall rates up to 2 inches
per hour will be possible in these areas.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

The combination of gusty winds and saturated soil conditions will
cause scattered trees and power lines to fall. Seek shelter inside an
interior room.

Torrential rainfall may flood areas with poor drainage, such as
ditches and underpasses. Avoid these areas and do not cross flooded
roads. Water levels of small streams may also rise rapidly. Seek
higher ground if threatened by flood waters.

&&

LAT...LON 3502 8149 3511 8160 3520 8138 3522 8101
      3516 8100 3515 8104 3514 8105 3511 8103
      3509 8106 3506 8106 3504 8104 3511 8093
      3508 8091 3503 8090 3501 8091 3499 8089
      3494 8087
TIME...MOT...LOC 0048Z 271DEG 18KT 3510 8125

MOORE

The office that day

Everything else NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued on the same UTC day.

IssuedProductOfficeCountiesLasted
Jun 1, 8:17 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPGaston, Mecklenburg, Union58 min
Jun 1, 9:17 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPMecklenburg28 min
Jun 1, 9:30 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPUnion60 min
Jun 2, 7:38 AM EDTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPGaston, Mecklenburg36 hr
Jun 2, 1:46 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPCabarrus29 min
Jun 2, 2:23 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPMecklenburg37 min
Jun 2, 2:54 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPUnion36 min
Jun 2, 3:04 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPMecklenburg41 min
Jun 2, 3:28 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPUnion32 min
Jun 2, 3:53 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPPolk, Rutherford37 min
Jun 2, 3:56 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPBurke34 min
Jun 2, 4:00 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPUnion30 min
Jun 2, 4:28 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPYancey47 min
Jun 2, 5:38 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPDavie37 min
Jun 2, 6:19 PM EDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPDavie, Rowan41 min
Jun 2, 6:23 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPMecklenburg37 min
Jun 2, 6:48 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPDavie27 min
Jun 2, 7:11 PM EDTSpecial Weather StatementGSPCabarrus34 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in North Carolina, 2018Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2018

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.