Alert archive / South Carolina / Flash Flood Warnings in 2015

Flash Flood Warning 59, NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC

December 30, 2015York County, South Carolina; Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued this flash flood warning at Dec 30, 2015, 11:18 AM EST for York County, South Carolina; Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It was in force for 6 hr. 3 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued
Dec 30, 2015, 11:18 AM EST (16:18 UTC)
Expired
Dec 30, 2015, 5:15 PM EST
In force
6 hr
Issued by
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
Area
Storm-based polygon
Flood severity
None

Counties Mecklenburg County, NC, York County, SC

The radar

The Greer radar (KGSP), 109 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 16:21 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

TimeReportWhereRemark
Dec 30, 12:40 PM ESTFLASH FLOOD3 Se Charlotte, NCAN AUTOMATED GAUGE ON MCMULLEN CREEK AT LINCREST PLACE EXCEEDED FLOOD STAGE OF 7 FEET. USGS WEB CAM INDICATES THAT LINCREST PLACE IS FLOODED.
Dec 30, 1:40 PM ESTFLASH FLOODFort Mill, SCPLEASANT ROAD CLOSED DUE TO FLOODING BETWEEN GOLD HILL ROAD AND PLEASANT KNOLL SCHOOL.
Dec 30, 4:45 PM ESTFLASH FLOODMcconnells, SCSTALL CUP ROAD AND GUNSMOKE ROAD WAS REPORTED FLOODED. IN HICKORY GROVE...WILSON CHAPEL ROAD WAS FLOODED. IN CLOVER...LOVE VALLEY ROAD WAS FLOODED. IN YORK...APPLE ROAD WAS REPORTED FLOODED.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 3 storm reports to this flash flood warning; the first came 82 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 12:00Z, 4.3 hours before the alert went out and 158 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 12:00Z on 2015-12-30Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 0 joules per kilogram.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 12:00Z on 2015-12-30The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 166 square meters per square second.1939587897Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
No buoyant parcel
Mixed-layer LCL
1236 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
53 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
166 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
174 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
-0.1

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

479 
WGUS52 KGSP 301618
FFWGSP
NCC119-SCC091-302215-
/O.NEW.KGSP.FF.W.0059.151230T1618Z-151230T2215Z/
/00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
FLASH FLOOD WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1118 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG HAS ISSUED A

* FLASH FLOOD WARNING FOR...
  SOUTHERN MECKLENBURG COUNTY IN THE PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA...
  YORK COUNTY IN UPSTATE SOUTH CAROLINA...

* UNTIL 515 PM EST WEDNESDAY
    
* AT 1110 AM EST...DOPPLER RADAR AND AUTOMATED RAIN GAUGES INDICATE
  THE WARNED AREA HAS RECEIVED 0.25-0.75 INCHES OF RAIN. ADDITIONAL
  THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HOURLY RAIN RATES OF 1.5-2.5
  INCHES PER HOUR ARE CURRENTLY ACROSS THE PIEDMONT OF SOUTH
  CAROLINA AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT APPROXIMATELY 40 MILES PER HOUR
  TOWARDS YORK AND MECKLENBURG COUNTIES. FLASH FLOODING IS LIKELY AS
  A RESULT OF THESE APPROACHING THUNDERSTORMS OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL
  HOURS.

* SOME LOCATIONS THAT WILL EXPERIENCE FLOODING INCLUDE...
  ROCK HILL...UPTOWN CHARLOTTE...YORK...CENTRAL CHARLOTTE...SOUTH
  CHARLOTTE...SOUTHWEST CHARLOTTE...EAST CHARLOTTE...MATTHEWS...MINT
  HILL AND FORT MILL.

* THIS INCLUDES BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO THE FOLLOWING STREAMS AND
  THEIR ASSOCIATED TRIBUTARIES...LITTLE SUGAR CREEK...SUGAR
  CREEK...IRWIN CREEK...MCALPINE CREEK...FOURMILE CREEK...MCMULLEN
  CREEK...STEELE CREEK...AND FISHING CREEK.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

EXCESSIVE RUNOFF FROM HEAVY RAINFALL WILL CAUSE FLOODING OF SMALL
CREEKS AND STREAMS...HIGHWAYS AND UNDERPASSES.  ADDITIONALLY...
COUNTRY ROADS AND FARMLANDS ALONG THE BANKS OF CREEKS...STREAMS AND
OTHER LOW LYING AREAS ARE SUBJECT TO FLOODING.  POOR AND OVERWHELMED
STORMWATER DRAINAGES MAY CAUSE FLOODING ON ROADS AND MAJOR
INTERSECTIONS AS WELL.

MOST FLOOD DEATHS OCCUR IN VEHICLES. DO NOT DRIVE INTO AREAS WHERE
WATER COVERS THE ROADWAY. ONLY A FEW INCHES OF RAPIDLY FLOWING WATER
CAN CARRY AWAY YOUR VEHICLE. TURN AROUND...DONT DROWN.

PLEASE REPORT FLOOD WATER FLOWING OVER ROADS OR THREATENING
PROPERTY...OR LANDSLIDES TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE
SPARTANBURG BY CALLING TOLL FREE...1...800...2 6 7...8 1 0 1...OR BY
POSTING ON OUR FACEBOOK PAGE...OR TWEET IT USING HASHTAG NWSGSP. YOUR
MESSAGE SHOULD DESCRIBE THE EVENT AND THE SPECIFIC LOCATION WHERE IT
OCCURRED.

&&

LAT...LON 3505 8075 3500 8084 3508 8091 3501 8091
      3492 8086 3490 8088 3484 8087 3482 8090
      3482 8148 3485 8145 3490 8148 3494 8147
      3494 8149 3499 8148 3513 8105 3526 8085
      3525 8062 3521 8055

$$

JMP
1 follow-up statement
052 
WGUS72 KGSP 301823
FFSGSP

FLASH FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
123 PM EST WED DEC 30 2015

NCC119-SCC091-302215-
/O.CON.KGSP.FF.W.0059.000000T0000Z-151230T2215Z/
/00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.OO/
MECKLENBURG NC-YORK SC-
123 PM EST WED DEC 30 2015

...THE FLASH FLOOD WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 515 PM EST FOR
SOUTHERN MECKLENBURG AND YORK COUNTIES...

AT 1258 PM EST...DOPPLER RADAR AND AUTOMATED RAIN GAUGES INDICATE
WIDESPREAD 1-2.50 INCHES OF RAIN HAVE FALLEN ACROSS THE WARNED AREA.
UP TO ANOTHER INCH OF RAIN IS LIKELY AS ADDITIONAL SHOWERS ARE
CURRENTLY MOVING ACROSS THE WARNED AREA.

REPORTS FROM AUTOMATED STREAMGAUGES INDICATE SEVERAL STREAMS ARE
EITHER RAPIDLY APPROACHING OR ABOVE ACTION STAGE AND RISING RAPIDLY.
THESE STREAMS INCLUDE...IN MECKLENBURG COUNTY...BRIAR
CREEK...MCMULLEN CREEK...STEWART CREEK...LITTLE SUGAR CREEK...AND
IRWIN CREEK.  IN YORK COUNTY...BIG DUTCHMAN CREEK.  IMPORTANT
FLOODING ALONG THESE STREAMS AS WELL AS ASSOCIATED TRIBUTARIES IS
LIKELY.

MCMULLEN CREEK AT LINCREST PLACE IS IN MINOR FLOOD WITH A CURRENT
STAGE OF 7.66 FEET AND CONTINUES TO RISE.  ADDISON DRIVE AND
LINCREST ROAD MAY BE EXPERIENCING FLOODING AT THIS TIME.

NUMEROUS DRAINAGE AND FLOODING ISSUES ARE ONGOING AND WILL CONTINUE
ACROSS THE CHARLOTTE METROPOLITAN AREA.  SOME IMPACTED LOCATIONS
INCLUDE...BRANDYWINE ROAD...THE LITTLE SUGAR CREEK GREENWAY...AND
MAY INCLUDE CALDWELL STREET NEAR I-277...WESTBROOK DRIVE AND BRYANT
STREET...MOREHEAD STREET AND WILKINSON BOULEVARD...SCOTLAND
AVENUE...BIRMINGHAM DRIVE...AND INDEPENDENCE BOULEVARD.

SOME LOCATIONS THAT WILL EXPERIENCE FLOODING INCLUDE...
ROCK HILL...UPTOWN CHARLOTTE...YORK...CENTRAL CHARLOTTE...SOUTH
CHARLOTTE...SOUTHWEST CHARLOTTE...EAST CHARLOTTE...MATTHEWS...MINT
HILL AND FORT MILL.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

NUMEROUS ROADS...BRIDGES...AND UNDERPASSES ARE BEING THREATENED BY
HEAVY RAIN AND RAPIDLY RISING STREAMS AND CREEKS.  PAY CLOSE
ATTENTION TO WATER OVER ROADWAYS...ROAD SIGNAGE...AND BARRICADES
INDICATING HIGH WATER AND FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE INTO AREAS WHERE
WATER COVERS THE ROADWAY. ONLY A FEW INCHES OF RAPIDLY FLOWING WATER
CAN CARRY AWAY YOUR VEHICLE. TURN AROUND...DONT DROWN! 

PLEASE REPORT FLOOD WATER FLOWING OVER ROADS OR THREATENING
PROPERTY...OR LANDSLIDES TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE
SPARTANBURG BY CALLING TOLL FREE...1...800...2 6 7...8 1 0 1...OR BY
POSTING ON OUR FACEBOOK PAGE...OR TWEET IT USING HASHTAG NWSGSP. YOUR
MESSAGE SHOULD DESCRIBE THE EVENT AND THE SPECIFIC LOCATION WHERE IT
OCCURRED.

&&

LAT...LON 3505 8075 3500 8084 3508 8091 3501 8091
      3492 8086 3490 8088 3484 8087 3482 8090
      3482 8148 3485 8145 3490 8148 3494 8147
      3494 8149 3499 8148 3513 8105 3526 8085
      3525 8062 3521 8055

$$

JMP

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this flash flood warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC wrote its last area forecast discussion before this flash flood warning went out at Dec 30, 7:59 AM EST, 3 hours 19 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Dec 30, 7:59 AM EST, 3 hours 19 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
759 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

.SYNOPSIS...
MOISTURE WILL PERSIST THROUGH THURSDAY AS A FRONT REMAINS STALLED IN
THE AREA. A DRYING TREND WILL BEGIN ON NEW YEARS...LASTING AT LEAST
INTO EARLY NEXT WEEK...AS HIGH PRESSURE PUSHES IN FROM THE WEST.

&&

.NEAR TERM /THROUGH TONIGHT/...
1300 UTC UPDATE...QPF HAVE BEEN RAISED OVER NE GA AND UPSTATE SC
PER TRENDS UPSTREAM IN N GA.

AS OF 630 AM EST WEDNESDAY...AS UPPER SUPPORT RAMPS UP AHEAD OF
AN APPROACHING JETMAX...STARTING TO SEE INCREASING SHRA COVERAGE
ACROSS THE AREA.  THE FRONTAL AXIS TO THE SOUTH IN SLOWLY ON THE
MOVE AS EXPECTED WITH NEARLY ALL SITES SOUTH OF I85 REPORTING IN
WITH SOUTHERLY FLOW AND IMPROVING DEWPOINTS.  OTHERWISE...TWEAKED
POPS A BIT TO ALIGN WITH CURRENT RADAR COVERAGE...ALONG WITH MINOR
ADJUSTMENTS TO TEMPERATURES/DEWPOINTS TO REFLECT OBS.  NO OTHER
CHANGES NEEDED/MADE WITH THIS UPDATE.

PREVIOUS DISCUSSION...THE COMBINATION OF H5 RIDGING OVER THE
WESTERN ATLANTIC AND BROAD TROFING OVER THE CENTRAL CONUS CONTINUES
TO YIELD DEEP SOUTHWEST FLOW ALOFT ACROSS THE SOUTHEAST STATES.
AT THE SURFACE...THE OLD STATIONARY COLD FRONTAL AXIS IS STARTING
ITS PROGGED NORTHWARD MIGRATION AS A WARM FRONT THIS MORNING.
ADDITIONALLY...AN APPROACHING UPPER LEVEL JET MAX EJECTING
THROUGH THE SOUTHERN PLAINS AROUND THE BASE OF THE PARENT TROF
WILL AID UPPER DIVERGENCE WHILE A SERIES OF H5 VORT LOBES SLIDE
ALONG THE MEAN FLOW IN PROXIMITY TO THE SFC WARM FRONT. GIVEN THE
A FORE MENTIONED FEATURES... ALONG WITH THE MEANDERING FRONTAL
AXIS...AND AMPLE MOISTURE BY WAY OF PWAT VALUES IN EXCESS OF 3-4
STD DEVS ABOVE NORMS...MODERATE TO HEAVY RAINFALL LOOKS PROBABLE.
THE FCST CHALLENGE IS DETERMINING THE PLACEMENT OF SUCH. MOST RECENT
GUIDANCE HAS TRENDED A QPF MAXIMA OUTSIDE OF THE NC MTNS AND ACROSS
NE GA...UPSTATE SC...AND THE ENTIRE NC PIEDMONT...WHICH ALL SEEMS
LOGICAL GIVEN THE QUASISTATIONARY NATURE OF THE FRONT. FOCUSING IN
A LITTLE MORE...THE FCST WILL FAVOR THE I85/I77 CORRIDORS WITH THE
HEAVIEST QPF TOTALS AS SOUNDINGS ARE FAVORABLE FOR MODEST SBCAPE
FOR THIS TIME OF YEAR...UPWARDS OF 500-700 JOULES AS LAPSE RATES
REMAIN RELATIVELY STEEP THROUGH A DEEP LAYER. THUS...THINK DEEPER
CONVECTION COULD YIELD PRECIP RATES IN EXCESS OF A HALF TO ONE
INCH PER HOUR AT TIMES...WITH SOME CELL TRAINING POSSIBLE ALONG
THE FRONT GIVEN FAIRLY UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW ALOFT. NEW STORM TOTAL
QPF AMOUNTS OF 1-2 INCHES ARE FCST WITH LOCALLY HIGHER AMOUNTS
CERTAINLY BEING A POSSIBILITY.  ALL SAID...WILL OPT TO EXPAND
CURRENT FLOOD WATCH NORTHWEST ACROSS THE I40 CORRIDOR TO CONSUME
THE ENTIRETY OF THE NC PIEDMONT.  LIKEWISE...WILL DROP THE WATCH
FURTHER WEST ACROSS MUCH OF THE NC MTNS.

ADDITIONALLY...AS NOTED ABOVE THERMAL PROFILES THIS AFTERNOON
WILL EXHIBIT MODEST LAPSE RATES WITH GUIDANCE FAVORING A TIGHT
INSTABILITY GRADIENT ADJACENT/SOUTH OF THE WARM FRONT.  DEPENDING OF
THE LOCATION OF THE FRONT...LOCALES IN ITS VICINITY AND SOUTH WILL
SEE INCREASED THUNDER POTENTIAL.  AS FOR SEVERE...DEFINITELY NOT
GOING TO RULE ANYTHING OUT AS THE FRONT WILL PROVIDE ADDED FOCUS
FOR LOCALIZED SHEAR MAXIMAS WITH PROFILES SUPPORTING BULK SHEAR IS
IN THE 40-50KT RANGE ON A BROADER SCALE.  THUS THE HWO WILL INCLUDE
SEVERE WORDING WITH DAMAGING WINDS...FREQUENT LIGHTNING...AND FLASH
FLOODING BEING THE PRIMARY THREATS.  ISOLATED TORNADOES CANNOT BE
RULED OUT GIVEN THE ABUNDANT SHEARING...HOWEVER SLIGHTLY VEERED
SURFACE FLOW WILL LIMIT THE CHANCES SOMEWHAT.  THAT SAID...ANYTIME
THERE COULD BE ENHANCEMENT GIVEN BOUNDARY INTERACTION...ANYTHING
IS POSSIBLE WITH EVEN MODEST INSTABILITY THIS TIME OF YEAR.

AS FOR THE FCST...POPS WILL RAMP UP THIS MORNING FROM THE SOUTH
WITH CAT POPS FAVORED BY MIDDAY ACROSS THE ENTIRE FCST DOMAIN.
POPS WILL REMAIN ELEVATED THROUGH THE AFTERNOON BEFORE GRADUALLY
FALLING OFF FROM THE WEST AFTER SUNSET...INTO THE OVERNIGHT AS
DRIER AIR ADVECTS IN WITH AN INTRUDING COLD FRONT.  TEMPERATURES
WILL BE A TOUCH COOLER THAN DAYS PAST AS ABUNDANT CLOUDINESS
INHIBITS INSOLATION...HOWEVER MAX VALUES NEAR 15 DEGREES ABOVE
CLIMO ARE FCST.

&&

.SHORT TERM /THURSDAY THROUGH FRIDAY NIGHT/...
AS OF 230 AM WEDNESDAY...SOUTHWEST FLOW ALOFT WILL CONTINUE OVER
THE SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS AT THE START OF THE SHORT
TERM...WITH THE COLD FRONT STALLED ACROSS SOUTHEASTERN PORTIONS OF
THE FORECAST AREA. STRONG SHORTWAVE DIGGING OUT OF SOUTH CENTRAL
CANADA INTO THE NORTHERN PLAINS WILL USHER IN THE PATTERN CHANGE
FOR THE WEEKEND. 00Z GUIDANCE IS SLOW TO MOVE THE PRECIP OUT OF OUR
SOUTHEAST ZONES THURSDAY...SO HAVE HUNG ONTO SLIGHT CHANCE SHOWERS
ACCORDINGLY. SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE BUILDS IN FROM THE WEST AND
FINALLY PUSHES ALL THE PRECIP OUT LATE ON FRIDAY. THE AFOREMENTIONED
SHORTWAVE CONTINUES TO DIG SOUTHEAST...WITH THE TROUGH AXIS CROSSING
THE SPINE OF THE APPALACHIANS TOWARD THE END OF THE PERIOD. GFS IS
A LITTLE FASTER WITH THIS...WITH THE TROUGH AXIS PUSHING THROUGH
BY 06Z SATURDAY...BUT THE ECMWF IS A TAD SLOWER AND HAS THE TROUGH
AXIS RIGHT ON THE TN/NC LINE AT THE END OF THE SHORT TERM.

THE BIG STORY WILL BE THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURES IN THE WAKE
OF THE COLD FRONT...WITH A SECONDARY COOL-DOWN BEHIND THE
LATE-PERIOD TROUGH AXIS WHICH WILL BE REALIZED AS WE BEGIN THE
EXTENDED. SHOULD STILL SEE HIGHS WELL ABOVE SEASONAL NORMALS FOR
THE FOOTHILLS AND PIEDMONT ON THURSDAY /DEPENDING ON EXACTLY WHERE
THE FRONT IS LOCATED AT MAX HEATING/...BUT THE MOUNTAINS WILL
ALREADY BE EXPERIENCING SOME RELIEF FROM THE SPRING-LIKE TEMPS BY
THURSDAY. HIGHS THURSDAY SHOULD BE 5 OR SO DEGREES COOLER THAN
THOSE TODAY. FOR NEW YEARS DAY HOWEVER...WITH THE CAA PUSHING
IN...SHOULD SEE ANOTHER 10 DEGREE DROP IN HIGHS TO JUST SLIGHTLY
ABOVE SEASONAL AVERAGES. THE AREA HASN'T SEEN TEMPERATURES BELOW
FREEZING SINCE DECEMBER 20 AND BY NEW YEARS NIGHT...THE MOUNTAINS
AND FOOTHILLS WILL BE BACK INTO THE SWING OF NORMAL WINTER.

OTHER THAN THE TEMPERATURES...CANNOT TOTALLY RULE OUT SOME
ISOLATED SNOW SHOWERS AT THE HIGHEST ELEVATIONS LATE THURSDAY/EARLY
FRIDAY...BUT SYNOPTIC SETUP NOT PARTICULARLY SUPPORTIVE SINCE IT
IS MORE WEST TO SOUTHWEST FLOW ALOFT. TEMPS WILL BE JUST ABOVE
FREEZING FOR THE MOST PART THURSDAY NIGHT SO CONFIDENCE JUST NOT
ENOUGH TO INCLUDE ANY FLURRIES/SNOW SHOWERS AT THIS TIME.

&&

.LONG TERM /SATURDAY THROUGH TUESDAY/...
AS OF 245 AM WEDNESDAY...WE START THE EXTENDED EITHER RIGHT AFTER
THE SECONDARY UPPER TROUGH AXIS AND DRY COLD FRONT /ON THE GFS/
OR WITH IT RIGHT ON OUR DOORSTEP /ECMWF/...BUT THE RESULTING
SENSIBLE WEATHER IS THE SAME. CAA BEHIND THE SYSTEM WILL RESULT
IN HIGHS SATURDAY ACTUALLY BELOW...YES BELOW...SEASONAL NORMALS
FOR THE AREA. THIS IS SHORT-LIVED AS WE WARM UP AGAIN SUNDAY WITH
WEAK CONFLUENT FLOW ALOFT...AND RIDGING BUILDING INTO THE CENTER OF
THE COUNTRY. DRY HIGH PRESSURE WILL DOMINATE OUR WEATHER...THOUGH
UNSETTLED WEATHER IS JUST A STATE AWAY IN SOUTH GEORGIA AND ALONG
THE FLORIDA PANHANDLE AS THE FRONT REMAINS STALLED IN THOSE AREAS.

MODELS DIVERGE PRETTY SIGNIFICANTLY EARLY NEXT WEEK WITH THE GFS
BRINGING ANOTHER SHORTWAVE THROUGH EARLY MONDAY BUT WITH WEAK
RIDGING BUILDING IN FOR THE ECWMF. HOWEVER...DRY WEATHER SHOULD
CONTINUE TO DOMINATE...ALLOWING THE FORECAST AREA TO CONTINUE
TO DRY OUT...THOUGH THERE MAY BE SOME QUESTION AS TO ACTUAL
TEMPERATURES. FOR NOW HAVE KEPT A BLEND WITH TEMPERATURES PRETTY
CLOSE TO SEASONAL NORMALS. MIGHT START SEEING SOME PRECIPITATION
CREEP BACK INTO THE AREA AT THE VERY END OF THE PERIOD BUT NOT
ENOUGH CONFIDENCE TO INCLUDE AT THIS TIME.

&&

.AVIATION /13Z WEDNESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY/...
AT KCLT...IFR THROUGH MID/LATE MORNING BEFORE SOME SLIGHT
IMPROVEMENT TO MVFR AS MIXING IMPROVES. AS THE WARM FRONT SHIFTS
NORTH...DEEPER MOISTURE AND INCREASING INSTABILITY WILL BE FAVORED
THUS TAF CONTINUES TO FEATURE TSRA BY WAY OF PROB30S THIS AFTERNOON.
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THUNDER COULD OCCUR SOONER...THUS LATER
ADJUSTMENTS TO INCLUDE TEMPOS ARE PROBABLE.  ALL WX IS REMOVED
NLT THAN 06Z WITH CIGS LINGERING AT IFR/LIFR THROUGH PERIODS END.
WINDS WILL REMAIN SOUTHERLY THROUGH THIS TAF CYCLE WITH SOME
GUSTING POSSIBLE THIS AFTERNOON.

ELSEWHERE...MUCH THE SAME AS KCLT ABOVE FOR THE SC SITES AND
KAVL AS MOISTURE INCREASES YIELDING LOWERED CIGS/VISB WITH
SHRA SPREADING OVER THE AREA.  EXPECTING MVFR INITIALLY WITH
IFR CIGS/VISB BY MID/LATE MORNING FOR THESE LOCALES WITH SHRA
INCREASING IN COVERAGE.  CIGS ARE THEN FCST TO IMPROVE YET AGAIN TO
MVFR WITH SOME LINGERING SCT IFR STRATUS THIS AFTN...WITH THE TAF
CONTINUING TO HIGHLIGHT TSRA POTENTIAL THIS AFTN BY WAY OF VCTS
MENTION.  AS FOR KHKY...CONDITIONS WILL CONTINUE TO DETERIORATE
WITH TIME...HOWEVER DELAYED GIVEN PROXIMITY TO ENCROACHING DEEPER
MOISTURE AXIS AND ANY UPSTREAM SHRA.  LIKEWISE...TSRA POTENTIAL
WILL ALSO BE LESS AT KHKY THEREFORE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS TAF SET.
WINDS AT ALL SITES WILL REMAIN LIGHT/MODERATE AND SOUTHERLY THROUGH
THE PERIOD EXCEPT FOR AT KAVL WHERE A COLD FRONT WILL PASS LEADING
TO VEERED NW FLOW LATE IN THE TAF CYCLE.

OUTLOOK...DEEP LAYER MOISTURE WILL DECREASE ON THURSDAY AS A COLD
FRONT SWEEPS THROUGH THE AREA ALLOWING FOR THE RETURN OF COOL/DRY
HIGH PRESSURE AND THUS LOW CHANCES FOR RESTRICTIONS THROUGH THE
WEEKEND.

CONFIDENCE TABLE...

            13-19Z        19-01Z        01-07Z        07-12Z
KCLT       HIGH  82%     MED   78%     MED   79%     HIGH  80%
KGSP       HIGH  83%     MED   74%     HIGH  81%     HIGH  85%
KAVL       MED   66%     MED   66%     MED   66%     MED   69%
KHKY       HIGH  83%     MED   79%     HIGH  81%     MED   68%
KGMU       MED   77%     MED   73%     MED   77%     MED   76%
KAND       HIGH  82%     MED   73%     HIGH  87%     MED   78%

THE PERCENTAGE REFLECTS THE NUMBER OF GUIDANCE MEMBERS AGREEING
WITH THE SCHEDULED TAF ISSUANCE FLIGHT RULE CATEGORY. COMPLETE HOURLY
EXPERIMENTAL AVIATION FORECAST CONSISTENCY TABLES AND ENSEMBLE FORECASTS
ARE AVAILABLE AT THE FOLLOWING LINK: (MUST BE LOWER CASE)

WWW.WEATHER.GOV/GSP/AVIATION

&&

.HYDROLOGY...
SOME CHANGES TO FLOOD WATCH PLACEMENT WITH THIS FCST.  LOCALES
ACROSS NE GA AND UPSTATE SC REMAIN UNCHANGED WHILE THE WATCH WAS
EXPANDED NW TO INCLUDE THE ENTIRE NC PIEDMONT AS LATEST GUIDANCE
FAVORS A SHIFTED QPF MAXIMA ALONG THE QUASISTATIONARY FRONTAL AXIS.
FURTHERMORE...MUCH OF THE WESTERN EXTENT OF THE PREVIOUS WATCH
WAS REMOVED AS SAID MAXIMA REMAINS OUTSIDE OF THE MTNS.

STREAM LEVELS AROUND THE REGION ARE RUNNING QUITE HIGH GIVEN THE
RECENT RAINFALL. ALTHOUGH ADDITIONAL QPF GOING FORWARD MAY BE
LIMITED TO 1 TO 2 INCHES IN MANY AREAS...WET ANTECEDENT CONDITIONS
ALONG WITH POSSIBLY HIGHER RATES IN CONVECTION THIS AFTERNOON WILL
YIELD A RENEWED FLOODING THREAT.

DEEP MOISTURE WILL RETURN OVER THE STALLED FRONTAL BOUNDARY
TONIGHT...BRINGING PRECIPITABLE WATER ANOMALIES OF 2 TO 3+ STANDARD
DEVIATIONS ABOVE NORMAL TO THE REGION. THIS WILL INTERACT WITH MANY
AREAS WHERE 3 HOUR FLOOD GUIDANCE IS GENERALLY LESS THAN 2 INCHES.

&&

.GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...FLOOD WATCH THROUGH THURSDAY MORNING FOR GAZ010-017-018-026-
     028-029.
NC...FLOOD WATCH THROUGH THURSDAY MORNING FOR NCZ036-037-056-057-
     062>065-068>072-082-507>510.
SC...FLOOD WATCH THROUGH THURSDAY MORNING FOR SCZ001>014-019.

&&

SYNOPSIS...TDP
NEAR TERM...CDG/JAT
SHORT TERM...TDP
LONG TERM...TDP
AVIATION...CDG
HYDROLOGY...
Hazardous weather outlook, Dec 30, 4:23 AM EST, 6 hours 55 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
423 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

GAZ010-017-018-026-028-029-NCZ036-037-056-057-062>065-068>072-082-
507>510-SCZ001>014-019-310930-
RABUN-HABERSHAM-STEPHENS-FRANKLIN-HART-ELBERT-IREDELL-DAVIE-CATAWBA-
ROWAN-MACON-SOUTHERN JACKSON-TRANSYLVANIA-HENDERSON-CLEVELAND-
LINCOLN-GASTON-MECKLENBURG-CABARRUS-UNION-RUTHERFORD MOUNTAINS-
GREATER RUTHERFORD-POLK MOUNTAINS-EASTERN POLK-OCONEE MOUNTAINS-
PICKENS MOUNTAINS-GREENVILLE MOUNTAINS-GREATER OCONEE-
GREATER PICKENS-GREATER GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG-CHEROKEE-YORK-
ANDERSON-ABBEVILLE-LAURENS-CHESTER-GREENWOOD-
423 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

...FLOOD WATCH IN EFFECT THROUGH THURSDAY MORNING...

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR NORTHEAST GEORGIA...PIEDMONT
NORTH CAROLINA...WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA AND UPSTATE SOUTH CAROLINA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT.

PLEASE LISTEN TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR GO TO WEATHER.GOV ON THE
INTERNET FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FOLLOWING HAZARDS.

   FLOOD WATCH.

ADDITIONALLY...SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE
THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. IN ADDITION TO HEAVY RAINFALL...
FREQUENT LIGHTNING AND GUSTY WINDS CAN BE EXPECTED. ISOLATED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE...WITH DAMAGING WINDS THE
PRIMARY THREAT...BUT AN ISOLATED TORNADO CANNOT BE RULED OUT.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY.

..THURSDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..FRIDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..SATURDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..SUNDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..MONDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..TUESDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SKYWARN SPOTTERS ARE REQUESTED TO FORWARD ANY REPORTS OF FLOODING
OR SEVERE WEATHER TO OUR OFFICE.

NCZ033-035-048>053-058-059-501>506-310930-
AVERY-ALEXANDER-MADISON-YANCEY-MITCHELL-SWAIN-HAYWOOD-BUNCOMBE-
GRAHAM-NORTHERN JACKSON-CALDWELL MOUNTAINS-GREATER CALDWELL-
BURKE MOUNTAINS-GREATER BURKE-MCDOWELL MOUNTAINS-EASTERN MCDOWELL-
423 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PIEDMONT NORTH CAROLINA AND
WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT.

ISOLATED TO SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE THIS AFTERNOON
AND EVENING. THE MAIN THREATS IN ANY THUNDERSTORM THAT DEVELOPS
WILL BE BRIEF HEAVY RAIN...FREQUENT LIGHTNING AND GUSTY WINDS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY.

..THURSDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..FRIDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..SATURDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..SUNDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..MONDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.
..TUESDAY...NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

NONE.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Dec 30, 10:44 AM EST, 34 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1044 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1035 AM     FLASH FLOOD      5 SW GREER              34.89N 82.29W
12/30/2015                   GREENVILLE         SC   PUBLIC

            BRUSHY CREEK FLOWING OVER BRIDGE AT BOILING SPRINGS RD IN
            GREER, SC.

&&

JPT
Special weather statement, Dec 30, 10:44 AM EST, 34 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1044 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

GAZ029-SCZ011-019-301630-
ELBERT GA-ABBEVILLE SC-GREENWOOD SC-
1044 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

...THUNDERSTORM WITH TORRENTIAL RAINFALL WILL IMPACT PORTIONS OF
SOUTHEASTERN ELBERT...SOUTHWESTERN GREENWOOD AND SOUTHERN ABBEVILLE
COUNTIES UNTIL 1130 AM EST...

AT 1044 AM EST...DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A THUNDERSTORM WITH
TORRENTIAL RAINFALL 11 MILES SOUTH OF ELBERTON...OR NEAR NANCY HART
STATE PARK...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 55 MPH.

VERY HEAVY RAINFALL RATES UP TO 2 INCHES PER HOUR WILL BE POSSIBLE
WITH THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
ABBEVILLE...CALHOUN FALLS...LAKE STROM THURMOND...NANCY HART STATE
PARK...BOBBY BROWN STATE PARK...LAKE RUSSELL...FORTSONIA...RICE TOWN
AND BRADLEY.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

THE COMBINATION OF GUSTY WINDS AND SATURATED SOIL CONDITIONS WILL
CAUSE SCATTERED TREES AND POWER LINES TO FALL. SEEK SHELTER INSIDE AN
INTERIOR ROOM.

FREQUENT LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM. IF OUTDOORS...TRY TO
GET INDOORS OR INTO A HARD TOPPED VEHICLE. OTHERWISE...STAY AWAY FROM
OPEN AREAS AND ISOLATED HIGH OBJECTS SUCH AS TREES. WHEN INDOORS...
STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS AND DOORS AND AVOID USING WIRED ELECTRONIC
DEVICES. TRY TO UNPLUG UNNECESSARY APPLIANCES BEFORE THE STORM
APPROACHES.

LAKE RUSSELL IS IN THE PATH OF THIS STORM. CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING
AND GUSTY WINDS WILL CREATE DANGEROUS BOATING CONDITIONS.
MOVE TO SHORE IMMEDIATELY.

&&

LAT...LON 3398 8261 3397 8264 3399 8265 3397 8278
      3399 8283 3398 8286 3401 8290 3430 8237
      3407 8220 3402 8232 3406 8233 3406 8244
      3408 8248 3407 8253 3401 8260 3400 8259
      3396 8257
TIME...MOT...LOC 1544Z 240DEG 49KT 3395 8279

NED
Special weather statement, Dec 30, 10:58 AM EST, 20 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1058 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

SCZ012-013-301645-
UNION SC-LAURENS SC-
1058 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

...THUNDERSTORM WITH TORRENTIAL RAINFALL WILL IMPACT PORTIONS OF
SOUTHEASTERN LAURENS AND SOUTHEASTERN UNION COUNTIES UNTIL 1145 AM
EST...

AT 1058 AM EST...DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A THUNDERSTORM WITH
TORRENTIAL RAINFALL 14 MILES SOUTHEAST OF LAURENS...OR OVER JOANNA...
MOVING EAST AT 40 MPH.

WIND GUSTS UP TO 40 MPH AND VERY HEAVY RAINFALL RATES UP TO 2 INCHES
PER HOUR WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
CLINTON...JOANNA...CARLISLE AND KINARDS.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

THE COMBINATION OF GUSTY WINDS AND SATURATED SOIL CONDITIONS WILL
CAUSE SCATTERED TREES AND POWER LINES TO FALL. SEEK SHELTER INSIDE AN
INTERIOR ROOM.

PLEASE REPORT DAMAGING WINDS...HAIL...OR FLOODING TO THE NATIONAL
WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE SPARTANBURG BY CALLING TOLL FREE...1...
800...2 6 7...8 1 0 1...OR BY POSTING ON OUR FACEBOOK PAGE...OR TWEET
IT USING HASHTAG NWSGSP. YOUR MESSAGE SHOULD DESCRIBE THE EVENT AND
THE SPECIFIC LOCATION WHERE IT OCCURRED.

&&

LAT...LON 3448 8191 3462 8143 3451 8142 3449 8143
      3449 8149 3445 8154 3448 8156 3453 8162
      3453 8164 3446 8170 3444 8173 3437 8178
      3435 8181 3435 8183 3432 8185
TIME...MOT...LOC 1558Z 249DEG 33KT 3440 8181

NED
Local storm report, Dec 30, 11:04 AM EST, 14 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1104 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1055 AM     FLASH FLOOD      2 W POWDERSVILLE        34.79N 82.53W
12/30/2015                   ANDERSON           SC   TRAINED SPOTTER

            WATER BEGINNING TO FLOW OVER THE BRIDGE OF MILL POND RD
            WEST OF POWDERSVILLE, SC.

&&

JPT
Local storm report, Dec 30, 11:11 AM EST, 7 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1111 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1050 AM     FLASH FLOOD      ELBERTON                34.11N 82.86W
12/30/2015                   ELBERT             GA   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            WHITESIDE DRIVE FLOODED IN ELBERTON, GA.

&&

JPT
Local storm report, Dec 30, 11:13 AM EST, 5 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1113 AM EST WED DEC 30 2015

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1050 AM     FLASH FLOOD      8 E ELBERTON            34.11N 82.72W
12/30/2015                   ELBERT             GA   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            CHASTAIN RD CLOSED DUE TO FLOODING.

&&

JPT

The office that day

Everything else NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued on the same UTC day.

IssuedProductOfficeCountiesLasted
Dec 30, 3:48 AM ESTRiver Flood AdvisoryGSPCherokee, York12 hr
Dec 30, 8:15 AM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPCherokee, Spartanburg30 min
Dec 30, 8:23 AM ESTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPGreenville, Spartanburg6 hr
Dec 30, 8:45 AM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPCherokee30 min
Dec 30, 8:48 AM ESTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPOconee6 hr
Dec 30, 8:53 AM ESTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPAnderson6 hr
Dec 30, 9:14 AM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPCherokee, Greenville, Spartanburg6 hr
Dec 30, 9:22 AM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPCherokee23 min
Dec 30, 9:29 AM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPAbbeville, Greenwood12 hr
Dec 30, 9:34 AM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPAnderson, Greenville6 hr
Dec 30, 9:42 AM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPYork6 hr
Dec 30, 9:43 AM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPAbbeville32 min
Dec 30, 10:08 AM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPLaurens5 hr
Dec 30, 10:44 AM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPAbbeville46 min
Dec 30, 10:58 AM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPNewberry47 min
Dec 30, 11:17 AM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPChester, Spartanburg, Union6 hr
Dec 30, 12:15 PM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPLancaster30 min
Dec 30, 12:21 PM ESTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPChester24 min
Dec 30, 12:57 PM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPGreenwood33 min
Dec 30, 1:37 PM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPAbbeville23 min
Dec 30, 2:59 PM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPLaurens6 hr
Dec 30, 3:15 PM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPCherokee, Greenville, Spartanburg6 hr
Dec 30, 3:30 PM ESTAreal Flood WarningGSPAnderson3 hr
Dec 30, 3:45 PM ESTAreal Flood WarningGSPYork6 hr
Dec 30, 4:53 PM ESTRiver Flood AdvisoryGSPCherokee, York12 hr
Dec 30, 5:03 PM ESTAreal Flood WarningGSPYork6 hr
Dec 30, 5:09 PM ESTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPChester3 hr
Dec 30, 5:53 PM ESTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPCherokee, Greenville, Spartanburg4 hr
Dec 30, 8:34 AM ESTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPMacon6 hr
Dec 30, 8:59 AM ESTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPMacon6 hr
Dec 30, 9:36 AM ESTAreal Flood WarningGSPPolk, Rutherford6 hr
Dec 30, 9:40 AM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPGaston35 min
Dec 30, 10:03 AM ESTSpecial Weather StatementGSPCabarrus, Mecklenburg, Rowan27 min
Dec 30, 10:07 AM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPCabarrus, Mecklenburg6 hr
Dec 30, 11:38 AM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPCabarrus, Union6 hr
Dec 30, 12:31 PM ESTFlash Flood WarningGSPCatawba, Davie, Iredell, Lincoln, Rowan6 hr
Dec 30, 12:31 PM ESTRiver Flood WarningGSPGaston28 hr
Dec 30, 1:05 PM ESTSevere Thunderstorm WarningGSPUnion40 min
Dec 30, 4:05 PM ESTAreal Flood WarningGSPCabarrus, Mecklenburg6 hr
Dec 30, 5:29 PM ESTAreal Flood WarningGSPCabarrus, Union6 hr
Dec 30, 5:37 PM ESTAreal Flood AdvisoryGSPIredell, Lincoln, Rowan3 hr

Nearby

Flash Flood Warnings in South Carolina, 2015Flash Flood Warnings in North Carolina, 2015Every flash flood warning in 2015

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.