Alert archive / Kansas / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2014

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 189, NWS Dodge City, KS

June 30, 2014Comanche County, Kansas

NWS Dodge City, KS issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 30, 2014, 11:01 PM CDT for Comanche County, Kansas. It was in force for 59 min. 3 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued
Jun 30, 2014, 11:01 PM CDT (04:01 UTC)
Expired
Jul 1, 2014, 12:00 AM CDT
In force
59 min
Issued by
NWS Dodge City, KS
Area
Storm-based polygon
Hail
1.0 in
Wind
60.0 mph

County Comanche County, KS

What was reported inside it

TimeReportWhereRemark
Jun 30, 11:09 PM CDTTSTM WND DMGColdwater, KSROOF BLOWN OFF OF A BUILDING, AND A VEHICLE BLOWN OVER ONTO ITS SIDE.
Jun 30, 11:22 PM CDTTSTM WND DMGColdwater, KSPOWER POLES WERE DOWNED BY THE WIND.
Jun 30, 11:24 PM CDTTSTM WND DMG1 Nne Coldwater, KSSEMI TRUCK BLOWN OVER AT INTERSECTION OF 183 AND 160.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 3 storm reports to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 8 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

IssuedProductOfficeLasted
Jun 30, 6:30 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WatchSPC6 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Dodge City, (KDDC), launched 00:00Z, 4.0 hours before the alert went out and 75 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Dodge City, at 00:00Z on 2014-07-01Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 2699 joules per kilogram.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Dodge City, at 00:00Z on 2014-07-01The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 29 square meters per square second.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
2699 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-97 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1994 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
36 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
29 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
154 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
6.6

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

623 
WUUS53 KDDC 010401
SVRDDC
KSC033-010500-
/O.NEW.KDDC.SV.W.0189.140701T0401Z-140701T0500Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
ISSUED BY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
1101 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN DODGE CITY HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  COMANCHE COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL KANSAS...

* UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT

* AT 1059 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED 6 MILES WEST OF
  COLDWATER...AND MOVING SOUTH AT 25 MPH.

  HAZARD...60 MPH WIND GUSTS AND QUARTER SIZE HAIL.

  SOURCE...RADAR INDICATED.

  IMPACT...HAIL DAMAGE TO VEHICLES IS EXPECTED. EXPECT WIND DAMAGE TO
           ROOFS...SIDING AND TREES.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  COLDWATER...PROTECTION...LAKE COLDWATER AND BUTTERMILK.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM...AND MAY LEAD TO
FLASH FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED ROADWAYS!

&&

LAT...LON 3700 9952 3733 9955 3738 9954 3738 9949
      3738 9929 3700 9901
TIME...MOT...LOC 0402Z 339DEG 21KT 3727 9943

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...60MPH

$$
3 follow-up statements
098 
WWUS53 KDDC 010421
SVSDDC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
ISSUED BY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
1121 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

KSC033-010500-
/O.CON.KDDC.SV.W.0189.000000T0000Z-140701T0500Z/
COMANCHE KS-
1121 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR COMANCHE
COUNTY UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT...

AT 1119 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED 5 MILES EAST OF
PROTECTION...AND MOVING SOUTH AT 25 MPH.

THIS IS A VERY DANGEROUS STORM.

HAZARD...80 MPH WIND GUSTS AND QUARTER SIZE HAIL.

SOURCE...LAW ENFORCEMENT.

IMPACT...FLYING DEBRIS WILL BE DANGEROUS TO THOSE CAUGHT WITHOUT
         SHELTER. MOBILE HOMES WILL BE HEAVILY DAMAGED. EXPECT
         CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE TO ROOFS...WINDOWS AND VEHICLES.
         EXTENSIVE TREE DAMAGE AND POWER OUTAGES ARE LIKELY.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
BUTTERMILK.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF A
BUILDING.

THIS IS A DANGEROUS SITUATION. THIS STORM IS PRODUCING WIDESPREAD 
WIND DAMAGE ACROSS AT COLDWATER. SEEK SHELTER NOW INSIDE A STURDY STRUCTURE 
AND STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM...AND MAY LEAD TO
FLASH FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED ROADWAYS!

&&

LAT...LON 3700 9952 3733 9955 3738 9954 3738 9949
      3738 9929 3700 9901
TIME...MOT...LOC 0421Z 339DEG 21KT 3717 9938

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...80MPH

$$
053 
WWUS53 KDDC 010427
SVSDDC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
ISSUED BY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
1127 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

KSC033-010500-
/O.CON.KDDC.SV.W.0189.000000T0000Z-140701T0500Z/
COMANCHE KS-
1127 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR COMANCHE
COUNTY UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT...

AT 1125 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS LOCATED 7 MILES SOUTHEAST
OF PROTECTION...AND MOVING SOUTH AT 25 MPH.

THIS IS A VERY DANGEROUS STORM.

HAZARD...80 MPH WIND GUSTS AND QUARTER SIZE HAIL.

SOURCE...LAW ENFORCEMENT.

IMPACT...FLYING DEBRIS WILL BE DANGEROUS TO THOSE CAUGHT WITHOUT
         SHELTER. MOBILE HOMES WILL BE HEAVILY DAMAGED. EXPECT
         CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE TO ROOFS...WINDOWS AND VEHICLES.
         EXTENSIVE TREE DAMAGE AND POWER OUTAGES ARE LIKELY.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
BUTTERMILK.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

THIS IS AN EXTREMELY DANGEROUS SITUATION WITH TORNADO LIKE WIND
SPEEDS EXPECTED. MOBILE HOMES AND HIGH PROFILE VEHICLES ARE
ESPECIALLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO WINDS OF THIS MAGNITUDE AND MAY BE
OVERTURNED. FOR YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE
LOWEST FLOOR OF A BUILDING. THIS STORM HAS THE POTENTIAL TO CAUSE
SERIOUS INJURY AND SIGNIFICANT PROPERTY DAMAGE.

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM...AND MAY LEAD TO
FLASH FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED ROADWAYS!

&&

LAT...LON 3700 9952 3733 9955 3738 9954 3738 9949
      3738 9929 3700 9901
TIME...MOT...LOC 0427Z 339DEG 21KT 3714 9936

HAIL...1.00IN
WIND...80MPH

$$
809 
WWUS53 KDDC 010500
SVSDDC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
ISSUED BY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
1200 AM CDT TUE JUL 1 2014

KSC033-010510-
/O.EXP.KDDC.SV.W.0189.000000T0000Z-140701T0500Z/
COMANCHE KS-
1200 AM CDT TUE JUL 1 2014

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR COMANCHE COUNTY HAS EXPIRED...

THE STORM WHICH PROMPTED THE WARNING HAS WEAKENED AND MOVED OUT OF
THE WARNED AREA.

LAT...LON 3700 9952 3733 9955 3738 9954 3738 9949
      3738 9929 3700 9901
TIME...MOT...LOC 0427Z 339DEG 21KT 3714 9936

$$

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Dodge City, KS wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 30, 6:25 PM CDT, 4 hours 36 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 30, 6:25 PM CDT, 4 hours 36 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
625 PM CDT Mon Jun 30 2014

...Updated the aviation discussion...

.SHORT TERM...(This evening through Tuesday)
ISSUED AT 206 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

RAP and NAM verified well with the 18z surface analysis with the
surface cold front across southwest Kansas. A surface
trough/dry line extended south of this cold front into the
panhandle of Oklahoma and Texas. Warm air was located above these
surface boundaries with the RAP still suggesting a 700mb
temperature of greater than +16c lingers across southwest Kansas.
Given these warm temperatures any convection does develop along
these two boundaries am expecting this will occur after 23z.
Scattered convection is expected to develop along the cold front
late today. 0-6km shear is forecast to be 30 to 35 knots and the
CAPE values are expected to exceed 3500 j/kg at 00z Tuesday. Given
the instability and shear early this evening any storm that does
develop may become severe with the main hazard begin strong
damaging winds and golf ball size hail.

Thunderstorms will become more widespread across southwest and
south central Kansas early tonight. The latest RAP, NAM, and GFS
remain in good agreement keeping an area of moisture and improving
850mb-700mb frontogenesis over southwest Kansas after 00z Tuesday
as an upper level trough moves across Central High Plains.
Preciptable water values at 00z Tuesday were forecast to be at 1
to 1.5 inches. Given the forcing and moisture just north of the
cold front across southwest and south central Kansas early tonight
along with improving upper level dynamics front ahead of the upper
trough and near location of the right exit region of an upper
level jet will continue to favor thunderstorms increasing in areal
coverage between 00z Tuesday and 06z Tuesday with periods of heavy
rainfall being possible. At this time based on the location of
where the heavier rainfall is expected overnight will not be
issuing a flash flood watch but will mention flooding concerns in
the hazardous weather outlook.

Precipitation will taper off from northwest to southeast early
Tuesday as the upper level trough crosses western Kansas. 850mb
temperature trends from 00z Tuesday to 00z Wednesday suggests
highs mainly in the low to mid 80s. Given lingering afternoon
cloud cover near the Oklahoma border will trim temperatures down a
few degrees here from the later guidance.

.LONG TERM...(Tuesday night through Monday)
ISSUED AT 300 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

Medium range models indicate an upper level shortwave dropping
southeast out of the Northern Rockies into the Western High Plains
early Wednesday then turning more eastward into the Central Plains
by Wednesday night. Meanwhile, upper level ridging will slowly
transition across the Intermountain West turning the flow aloft
more northwesterly across the Western High Plains toward the end
of the week. As the flow aloft weakens, precip chances will be
limited across much of central and western Kansas. However, a
near stationary frontal boundary just south of the Oklahoma border
may provide the focus for a slight chance of isolated thunderstorms
near and along the Oklahoma state line Tuesday night into early
Wednesday. The northwesterly flow aloft will persist through the
end of the week while the frontal boundary to our south extends
back north into eastern Colorado. As H5 vort maxima crest the
ridge and drop southeast off the Rockies, thunderstorm development
is likely lee of the front range each afternoon Thursday and
Friday. A few isolated thunderstorms could potentially drift into
western Kansas each evening.

Below normal temperatures are expected Wednesday as surface high
pressure moves southeast out of the Northern Plains into the Central
Plains of eastern Kansas. This will reinforce the slightly cooler
air mass in place across western Kansas with H85 temperatures
ranging from the upper teens(C) across central Kansas to the
lower 20s(C) closer to the Colorado border. Even with decreasing
cloud cover expected, look for highs struggling to reach the 80s(F)
across central and portions of southwest Kansas Wednesday afternoon.
A gradual warming trend is then forecast through the weekend as
upper level ridging approaches from the west, pushing highs back
into the 90s(F) by Saturday.

&&

.AVIATION...(For the 00Z TAFS through 00Z Tuesday evening)
ISSUED AT 618 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

This evening will start out breezy with northeast winds averaging
15g25kts. Sct clouds will increase and the chance for
thunderstorms will significantly increase in the DDC and GCK areas
within the next 2 hours. Thunderstorm winds will be VRB20g30kt,
and the vsbys could go down into the MVFR range during the
convection. Cigs during storms should also be in the MVFR range,
around OVC040CB. A few storms may linger into the 06Z time frame,
but after that, expect northwest winds around 10 knots, and cigs
in the OVC050 range.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
DDC  63  82  60  84 /  60  30  10  10
GCK  62  82  59  81 /  30  20  10  10
EHA  62  78  59  79 /  70  30  20  10
LBL  64  80  61  82 /  80  30  20  10
HYS  62  84  59  80 /  20  20   0   0
P28  68  83  64  86 /  90  40  20  10

&&

.DDC WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NONE.
&&

SHORT TERM...Burgert
LONG TERM...JJohnson
AVIATION...Burke
Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 30, 2:39 PM CDT, 8 hours 22 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK...CORRECTED
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
239 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

KSZ030-031-043>046-061>066-074>081-084>090-011015-
TREGO-ELLIS-SCOTT-LANE-NESS-RUSH-HAMILTON-KEARNY-FINNEY-HODGEMAN-
PAWNEE-STAFFORD-STANTON-GRANT-HASKELL-GRAY-FORD-EDWARDS-KIOWA-
PRATT-MORTON-STEVENS-SEWARD-MEADE-CLARK-COMANCHE-BARBER-
239 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014 /139 PM MDT MON JUN 30 2014/

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF CENTRAL...SOUTH
CENTRAL...SOUTHWEST AND WEST CENTRAL KANSAS.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO DEVELOP AFTER 5 PM ALONG
AND JUST NORTH OF A COLD FRONT OVER FAR SOUTHWEST INTO SOUTH
CENTRAL KANSAS. THE STRONGER STORMS COULD BE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
GOLF BALL HAIL ALONG WITH 60 TO 70 MPH WIND GUSTS.

THUNDERSTORMS WILL INCREASE IN AREAL COVERAGE AFTER SUNSET SOUTH
OF HIGHWAY 156. THESE THUNDERSTORMS OVERNIGHT WILL PRODUCE PERIODS
OF HEAVY RAIN WHICH COULD CAUSE FLOODING, ESPECIALLY SOUTHEAST OF A
LARNED TO DODGE CITY TO LIBERAL LINE. WIND GUSTS UP TO 70 MPH
WILL ALSO BE POSSIBLE.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY

WHILE EXACT DETAILS ARE UNCERTAIN, ISOLATED TO WIDELY SCATTERED
THUNDERSTORMS COULD OCCUR SOMEWHERE OVER WESTERN KANSAS THROUGH
THE REMAINDER OF THE WEEK. A FEW STRONG TO SEVERE STORMS WILL BE
POSSIBLE.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTERS MAY BE NEEDED EARLY THIS EVENING SOUTH OF LINE FROM JOHNSON
TO LACROSSE.

&&

FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT OUR WEBPAGE AT HTTP://WEATHER.GOV/DDC

BURGERT

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 30, 8:36 PM CDT, 2 hours 25 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
836 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0831 PM     HAIL             15 ESE DODGE CITY       37.68N 99.76W
06/30/2014  E1.00 INCH       FORD               KS   PUBLIC

&&

BURKE
Local storm report, Jun 30, 8:54 PM CDT, 2 hours 7 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT...CORRECTED
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
854 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0828 PM     TSTM WND GST     ELKHART                 37.01N 101.88W
06/30/2014  M60.00 MPH       MORTON             KS   AWOS

            METAR KEHA 010128Z PK WND 52 KT

0831 PM     HAIL             4 SW FORD               37.60N 99.82W
06/30/2014  E1.00 INCH       FORD               KS   PUBLIC

0837 PM     HAIL             3 ENE ELKHART           37.02N 101.84W
06/30/2014  E1.00 INCH       MORTON             KS   PUBLIC

&&

BURKE
Special weather statement, Jun 30, 10:39 PM CDT, 22 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DODGE CITY KS
ISSUED BY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
1039 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

KSZ078-080-089-010400-
COMANCHE-FORD-KIOWA-
1039 PM CDT MON JUN 30 2014

...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN GOODLAND HAS ISSUED A SIGNIFICANT
WEATHER ADVISORY FOR KIOWA COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL KANSAS...COMANCHE
COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL KANSAS AND FORD COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST KANSAS...

AT 1037 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING
A STRONG THUNDERSTORM 7 MILES SOUTH OF MULLINVILLE...OR 11 MILES EAST
OF BUCKLIN...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 15 MPH.

PENNY TO NICKEL SIZE HAIL...TORRENTIAL RAIN...AND WINDS TO 50 MPH ARE
EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM.

&&

LAT...LON 3746 9921 3737 9950 3754 9956 3770 9946
TIME...MOT...LOC 0339Z 313DEG 12KT 3749 9944

The office that day

Everything else NWS Dodge City, KS issued on the same UTC day.

IssuedProductOfficeCountiesLasted
Jun 30, 8:18 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCFord42 min
Jun 30, 8:24 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCMorton51 min
Jun 30, 8:34 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCMeade, Seward, Stevens41 min
Jun 30, 8:51 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCMorton, Seward, Stevens54 min
Jun 30, 8:56 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCClark, Ford49 min
Jun 30, 9:13 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCSeward, Stevens32 min
Jun 30, 10:12 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCClark63 min
Jun 30, 10:29 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCBarber, Pratt61 min
Jun 30, 10:31 PM CDTFlash Flood WarningDDCClark3 hr
Jun 30, 10:39 PM CDTSpecial Weather StatementDDCKiowa21 min
Jun 30, 10:50 PM CDTFlash Flood WarningDDCClark, Meade, Seward3 hr
Jun 30, 11:09 PM CDTFlash Flood WarningDDCKiowa3 hr
Jun 30, 11:26 PM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCBarber, Comanche, Kiowa64 min
Jul 1, 12:13 AM CDTSevere Thunderstorm WarningDDCBarber20 min
Jul 1, 1:43 AM CDTAreal Flood WarningDDCClark, Ford, Kiowa3 hr
Jul 1, 1:58 AM CDTAreal Flood WarningDDCClark, Meade, Seward3 hr
Jul 1, 9:46 AM CDTAreal Flood WarningDDCClark, Comanche, Kiowa4 hr
Jul 1, 1:45 PM CDTAreal Flood WarningDDCComanche, Kiowa18 hr

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Kansas, 2014Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2014

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive.