Alert archive / Arizona / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2013

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 28, NWS Tucson, AZ

July 10, 2013Pinal County, Arizona

NWS Tucson, AZ issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jul 10, 2013, 5:49 PM MST for Pinal County, Arizona. It was in force for 41 min. 2 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jul 10, 2013, 5:49 PM MST (00:49 UTC)
Expired: Jul 10, 2013, 6:30 PM MST
In force: 41 min
Issued by: NWS Tucson, AZ
Area: Storm-based polygon

County Pinal County, AZ

The radar

The Phoenix radar (KIWA), 89 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 00:49 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jul 10, 6:03 PM MST	TSTM WND GST 60	Winkelman, AZ
Jul 10, 6:03 PM MST	HAIL 0.75	Winkelman, AZ

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Tuscon, AZ (KTUS), launched 00:00Z, 0.8 hours before the alert went out and 96 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 1900 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -58 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1459 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 32 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 15 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 47 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.2
Supercell composite: 2.5

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

147 
WUUS55 KTWC 110049
SVRTWC
AZC021-110130-
/O.NEW.KTWC.SV.W.0028.130711T0049Z-130711T0130Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ
549 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN TUCSON HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  EAST CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL ARIZONA...

* UNTIL 630 PM MST

* AT 545 PM MST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
  DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 16
  MILES SOUTHEAST OF KEARNY...OR 34 MILES SOUTH OF GLOBE...AND MOVING
  NORTHWEST AT 20 MPH.

* OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO
  DUDLEYVILLE AND KELVIN.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

SEEK SHELTER INDOORS. EXPECT DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH...
LARGE HAIL...FREQUENT LIGHTNING...AND HEAVY RAIN WITH THIS STORM.

&&

LAT...LON 3299 11078 3303 11073 3307 11073 3312 11068
      3308 11063 3288 11057 3277 11074 3310 11109
      3321 11092
TIME...MOT...LOC 0049Z 143DEG 18KT 3291 11073

$$

MEADOWS

4 follow-up statements

911 
WWUS55 KTWC 110101
SVSTWC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ
601 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

AZC021-110130-
/O.CON.KTWC.SV.W.0028.000000T0000Z-130711T0130Z/
PINAL AZ-
601 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 630 PM MST
FOR EAST CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY...

AT 559 PM MST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE
HAIL...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS
LOCATED NEAR DUDLEYVILLE...OR 30 MILES SOUTH OF GLOBE...MOVING
NORTHWEST AT 20 MPH.

LAT...LON 3299 11078 3303 11073 3307 11073 3301 11067
      3286 11064 3279 11076 3310 11109 3321 11092
TIME...MOT...LOC 0102Z 143DEG 18KT 3296 11078

$$

107 
WWUS55 KTWC 110110
SVSTWC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ
610 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

AZC021-110130-
/O.CON.KTWC.SV.W.0028.000000T0000Z-130711T0130Z/
PINAL AZ-
610 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 630 PM MST
FOR EAST CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY...

AT 608 PM MST...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS REPORTED CAPABLE OF
PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.
 THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 6 MILES NORTHWEST OF DUDLEYVILLE...OR 28
MILES SOUTH OF GLOBE...MOVING NORTHWEST AT 20 MPH.

LAT...LON 3292 11068 3285 11081 3301 11096 3313 11087
      3299 11078 3303 11073 3307 11073
TIME...MOT...LOC 0110Z 143DEG 18KT 3299 11081

$$

774 
WWUS55 KTWC 110118
SVSTWC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ
618 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

AZC021-110130-
/O.CON.KTWC.SV.W.0028.000000T0000Z-130711T0130Z/
PINAL AZ-
618 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 630 PM MST
FOR EAST CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY...

AT 613 PM MST...TRAINED WEATHER SPOTTERS REPORTED A SEVERE 
THUNDERSTORM PRODUCING PENNY SIZE HAIL...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN 
EXCESS OF 60 MPH. THIS STORM HAS THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE QUARTER 
SIZE HAIL. THIS STORM WAS LOCATED OVER EXTREME SOUTH CENTRAL GILA 
COUNTY...OR 25 MILES SOUTH OF GLOBE...MOVING NORTHWEST AT 25 MPH.

LAT...LON 3294 11070 3290 11081 3294 11087 3302 11087
      3311 11086 3299 11078 3303 11073
TIME...MOT...LOC 0117Z 153DEG 20KT 3305 11080

$$

MEADOWS

119 
WWUS55 KTWC 110125
SVSTWC

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ
625 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

AZC021-110135-
/O.EXP.KTWC.SV.W.0028.000000T0000Z-130711T0130Z/
PINAL AZ-
625 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR EAST CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY WILL
EXPIRE AT 630 PM MST...

LAT...LON 3294 11070 3290 11081 3294 11087 3302 11087
      3311 11086 3299 11078 3303 11073
TIME...MOT...LOC 0125Z 153DEG 20KT 3309 11082

$$

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Tucson, AZ wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jul 10, 9:25 AM MST, 8 hours 24 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 10, 9:25 AM MST, 8 hours 24 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ
925 AM MST WED JUL 10 2013

.SYNOPSIS...A FAVORABLE SOUTHEASTERLY FLOW REGIME WILL RESULT IN
GREATER THUNDERSTORM COVERAGE THROUGH THURSDAY. THUNDERSTORM
CHANCES WILL GRADUALLY DECREASE FRIDAY THROUGH SUNDAY. THEREAFTER...
THUNDERSTORM COVERAGE WILL INCREASE EARLY NEXT WEEK AS A LOW
PRESSURE SYSTEM APPROACHES FROM THE EAST. EXPECT COOLER DAYTIME
TEMPERATURES BY THURSDAY FOLLOWED BY A WARMING TREND THIS WEEKEND.

&&

.DISCUSSION...INTERESTING DAY IN STORE FOR SOUTHEAST ARIZONA. VIS
SATELLITE AND SURFACE OBS DEPICT MORE CLEARING THIS MORNING THAN
YESTERDAY. KTUS IS CURRENTLY RUNNING A DEGREE OR TWO WARMER THAN
YESTERDAY SO WE STILL HAVE SOME POTENTIAL TO HIT 100 DEGREES AND
BREAK THE ALL TIME RECORD CONSECUTIVE STREAK OF HIGH TEMPS OF 100
DEGREES OR GREATER. THE BIGGER CONCERN FROM THE CLEAR SKIES IS THE
IMPROVED HEATING THAT WILL CONTINUE THROUGH MID MORNING AND HOW THIS
HEATING WILL INFLUENCE OUR CONVECTIVE POTENTIAL TODAY. MORNING
SOUNDING WAS IMPRESSIVE. VERY HIGH PRECIP WATER VALUES NEAR 1.9
INCHES WHICH IS ABOVE THE 99TH PERCENTILE FOR THIS TIME OF YEAR. SFC
DEW POINTS ACROSS SE AZ AR IN THE MID 60S WITH THE MOIST AIRMASS
EXTENDING NORTH OF KPHX. ABUNDANT CAPE EVIDENT ON THE 12Z SOUNDING
WITH THE MEAN LAYER CAPE VALUES ARE RUNNING ABOVE THE 75TH
PERCENTILE FOR THIS TIME OF YEAR. DCAPE IS ALSO LOOKING GOOD AND WE
HAVE ENOUGH SHEAR IN PLACE TO BE CONCERNED FOR ISOLATED SUPERCELLS
TODAY.

SO ATMOSPHERIC DATA CERTAINLY POINTS TOWARDS INCREASED ACTIVITY
TODAY AND WITH THE CLEAR MORNING SKIES...OTHER THAN A FEW CLOUDS
HANGING AROUND COCHISE COUNTY...ANTICIPATE AN EARLIER START THAN
YESTERDAY.

THAT LEADS ME TO THE HIGH RES MODELS. THE UOFA WRF...OUR LOCAL
WRF...AND THE HRRR ALL POINT TOWARD SIMILAR SOLUTIONS. BASED ON THE
MODELS...CONVECTION SHOULD BEGIN BY NOON TODAY ALONG THE
INTERNATIONAL BORDER NEAR SANTA CRUZ COUNTY...AND THEN BUILD
NORTHWEST ACROSS PIMA COUNTY. THE MODELS ARE LESS OPTIMISTIC FOR
ACTIVITY ACROSS COCHISE COUNTY...LIKELY DUE TO THE MORNING CLOUD
COVER...BUT THINKING THESE AREAS MAY SEE THE ACTIVITY LATER IN THE
EVENING ONCE THE CONVECTIVE TEMPS ARE MET.

SO...CONCERNS TODAY RUN THE GAMUT. SEVERE STORMS WITH STRONG
DOWNDRAFTS AND HAIL AND POSSIBLY A SUPERCELL OR TWO...TRANSITIONING
TO AN MCS LATER IN THE AFTERNOON. ALSO...THE HIGH MOISTURE CONTENT
COMBINED WITH THE HEAVY RAINFALL WE EXPERIENCED YESTERDAY IN SOME
LOCATIONS WOULD CERTAINLY FAVOR FLASH FLOODING. FINALLY...THE STORM
MOTIONS TODAY ALSO SUGGEST DUST STORM POTENTIAL.

SE AZ IS CURRENTLY UNDER A SLIGHT RISK.

JJB

&&

.AVIATION...SCT120 NEAR THE INTERNATIONAL BORDER BECOMING MOSTLY
SUNNY BY MID-MORNING. EXPECT ANOTHER ROUND OF THUNDERSTORMS THIS
AFTERNOON INTO THE EVENING OR FROM 10/18Z THROUGH 11/06Z. LCL CIGS
BKN025-030 AGL NEAR THE STORMS. SMALL HAIL LIKELY NEAR THE
THUNDERSTORM CORE WITH LOCALLY HEAVY RAINFALL. STRONG ERRATIC WIND
GUSTS NEAR 55KTS WITH THE STRONGEST THUNDERSTORMS. STORM MOTION FROM
THE EAST TOWARDS THE WEST 10-15 KTS. OUTSIDE OF THE STORMS EXPECT
LIGHT VARIABLE WINDS THIS MORNING THEN BECOMING WEST TO NORTHWEST
10-15 KTS AFT 10/20Z AND BECOMING LIGHT AND VARIABLE AGAIN AFT
11/04Z.

&&

.FIRE WEATHER...SCATTERED MAINLY LATE AFTERNOON AND EVENING SHOWERS
AND THUNDERSTORMS WILL CONTINUE THROUGH THE END OF THE WEEK. THE
STRONGER THUNDERSTORMS WILL PRODUCE GUSTY AND ERRATIC WINDS AND THE
POTENTIAL FOR LOCALLY HEAVY RAINS WILL CONTINUE INTO THURSDAY. AN
UNUSUALLY MOISTURE AIR MASS IS OVER SOUTHERN ARIZONA FOR THIS TIME
OF YEAR. AWAY FROM THE THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY...NORMAL DIURNAL WIND
TRENDS ARE EXPECTED TO OCCUR THROUGH THE WEEKEND. DAYTIME RELATIVE
HUMIDITIES WILL RANGE FROM THE 20S TO 30S WITH GOOD NIGHTTIME
RECOVERIES.

&&

.PREV DISCUSSION...HIGH PRESSURE ALOFT CENTERED NEAR THE FOUR
CORNERS REGION EARLY THIS MORNING WILL MOVE EWD INTO THE CENTRAL
CONUS PLAINS BY MIDDAY FRI. A DEEPER SELY FLOW REGIME WILL BECOME
ESTABLISHED LATER TODAY AND CONTINUE INTO THUR. 10/00Z NAM/GFS/
ECMWF CONTINUED WITH GOOD RUN-TO-RUN CONSISTENCY BY DEPICTING HIGHER
POPS TO OCCUR THIS AFTERNOON INTO TONIGHT AND AGAIN THUR.

THUS...FORECAST CONFIDENCE IS FAIRLY HIGH THAT AN ACTIVE CONVECTIVE
PERIOD WILL OCCUR DURING THE AFOREMENTIONED TIME PERIODS. SIMILAR
PRECIP WATER VALUES SHOULD TRANSLATE INTO SIMILAR RAINFALL AMOUNTS
THAT WERE RECORDED TUE AFTERNOON AND TUE EVENING. HAVE DEPICTED
AREAS OF BLOWING DUST LATE THIS AFTERNOON AND EARLY THIS EVENING
MAINLY ALONG THE INTERSTATE 10 CORRIDOR NW OF TUCSON AS TSTMS MOVE
NWWD INTO SOUTH CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY.

A GRADUAL DECREASE IN SHOWER/TSTM COVERAGE IS FORECAST TO OCCUR
FRI-SUN AS THE GFS/ECMWF DEPICT THE BULK OF DEEPER MOISTURE TO SHIFT
NW OF THE AREA. HAVE TRENDED POPS DOWNWARD ACCORDINGLY FRI-SUN TO
REFLECT THIS SCENARIO. THEREAFTER...SHOWER/TSTM COVERAGE SHOULD
INCREASE MARKEDLY MON AS AN INVERTED TROUGH ADVANCES WWD ACROSS
CHIHUAHUA.

SCATTERED TO PERHAPS NUMEROUS SHOWERS/TSTMS ARE FORECAST MON
AFTERNOON AND MON EVENING FROM TUCSON EWD/SWD. ISOLATED TO SCATTERED
SHOWERS/TSTMS ARE ON TAP ACROSS WRN PIMA COUNTY AND SOUTH CENTRAL
PINAL COUNTY. AMPLE MOISTURE IN COMBINATION WITH THE STATIONARY
UPPER LEVEL LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM ACROSS NRN SONORA WILL JUSTIFY
SCATTERED MAINLY AFTERNOON/EVENING SHOWERS/TSTMS ACROSS MUCH OF SE
AZ TUE. THIS SYSTEM HOLDS THE POTENTIAL TO BRING CONSIDERABLE
RAINFALL TO SE AZ MON-TUE.

HIGH TEMPS TODAY WILL BE ABOUT 2-3 DEGS F COOLER VERSUS MAX TEMPS
ACHIEVED TUE. DAYTIME TEMPS THUR WILL BE ABOUT 2-4 DEGS F COOLER
VERSUS TODAY...THEN A WARMING TREND WILL OCCUR FRI-SUN IN RESPONSE
TO A SLIGHTLY DRIER ENVIRONMENT.

&&

.TWC WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE.

&&

VISIT US ON FACEBOOK...TWITTER...YOUTUBE...AND AT WEATHER.GOV/TUCSON

DISCUSSION...BROST
AVIATION/FIRE WEATHER...SAMPSON

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Jul 10, 5:07 PM MST, 42 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ
507 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

AZZ506-511-110045-
GALIURO AND PINALENO MOUNTAINS INCLUDING MOUNT GRAHAM AZ-SOUTHEAST
PINAL COUNTY INCLUDING KEARNY/MAMMOTH/ORACLE AZ-
507 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR SOUTHEASTERN PINAL AND EXTREME
WESTERN GRAHAM COUNTIES UNTIL 545 PM MST...

AT 505 PM MST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM NEAR SAN MANUEL...OR 21 MILES NORTHEAST OF ORO
VALLEY...MOVING NORTHWEST AT 15 MPH.

HAIL UP TO THE SIZE OF PENNIES AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE
EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM...ALONG WITH HEAVY RAIN AND FREQUENT
DANGEROUS LIGHTNING.

AREAS AFFECTED BY THIS STORM INCLUDE...ORACLE...MAMMOTH...
SADDLEBROOKE...BIOSPHERE 2...ORACLE JUNCTION AND ARAVAIPA CREEK
PRESERVE.

THIS STORM MAY INTENSIFY...SO BE CERTAIN TO MONITOR LOCAL RADIO AND
TV STATIONS...AS WELL AS LOCAL CABLE TV OUTLETS...FOR ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS FROM THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

LAT...LON 3292 11077 3281 11045 3268 11044 3251 11045
      3252 11071 3259 11076 3252 11077 3253 11081
      3254 11082 3252 11081 3251 11085 3251 11104
      3278 11100
TIME...MOT...LOC 0007Z 144DEG 14KT 3261 11068

Special weather statement, Jul 10, 5:42 PM MST, 7 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TUCSON AZ
542 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

AZZ505-506-110130-
SOUTH CENTRAL PINAL COUNTY INCLUDING ELOY/PICACHO PEAK STATE PARK
AZ-SOUTHEAST PINAL COUNTY INCLUDING KEARNY/MAMMOTH/ORACLE AZ-
542 PM MST WED JUL 10 2013

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR EASTERN PINAL COUNTY UNTIL 630 PM
MST...

AT 540 PM MST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM 11 MILES NORTH OF MAMMOTH...OR 35 MILES NORTHEAST
OF ORO VALLEY...MOVING NORTHWEST AT 25 MPH.

HAIL UP TO ONE-HALF INCH IN DIAMETER AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE
EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM...ALONG WITH HEAVY RAIN AND FREQUENT
DANGEROUS LIGHTNING.

AREAS AFFECTED BY THIS STORM INCLUDE...KEARNY...DUDLEYVILLE AND
KELVIN.

LAT...LON 3299 11078 3303 11073 3307 11073 3315 11062
      3314 11056 3286 11053 3271 11063 3270 11083
      3291 11098 3317 11108 3318 11107 3324 11094
TIME...MOT...LOC 0042Z 150DEG 22KT 3289 11071

MEADOWS

The office that day

Everything else NWS Tucson, AZ issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jul 10, 5:03 PM MST	Dust Storm Warning	TWC	Pima, Pinal	117 min
Jul 10, 5:07 PM MST	Special Weather Statement	TWC		38 min
Jul 10, 5:14 PM MST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TWC	Graham, Pima, Pinal	46 min
Jul 10, 5:42 PM MST	Special Weather Statement	TWC	Pinal	48 min
Jul 10, 6:30 PM MST	Special Weather Statement	TWC	Cochise	45 min
Jul 10, 7:06 PM MST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TWC	Cochise	39 min
Jul 10, 7:20 PM MST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TWC	Cochise	40 min
Jul 10, 7:29 PM MST	Special Weather Statement	TWC	Graham	46 min
Jul 10, 7:57 PM MST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TWC	Cochise	48 min
Jul 10, 8:03 PM MST	Special Weather Statement	TWC	Cochise	42 min
Jul 10, 8:06 PM MST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TWC	Cochise	39 min
Jul 10, 8:21 PM MST	Special Weather Statement	TWC	Greenlee	39 min
Jul 10, 9:31 PM MST	Special Weather Statement	TWC		44 min
Jul 10, 9:34 PM MST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	TWC	Cochise	41 min
Jul 10, 9:48 PM MST	Special Weather Statement	TWC	Graham	42 min
Jul 10, 9:49 PM MST	Areal Flood Advisory	TWC	Cochise, Santa Cruz	3 hr
Jul 10, 9:57 PM MST	Flash Flood Warning	TWC	Cochise	2 hr

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Arizona, 2013 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2013

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.