Alert archive / Texas / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2012

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 166, NWS Houston/Galveston, TX

December 25, 2012Houston County, Texas

NWS Houston/Galveston, TX issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Dec 25, 2012, 8:32 AM CST for Houston County, Texas. It was in force for 43 min. 3 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Dec 25, 2012, 8:32 AM CST (14:32 UTC)
Expired: Dec 25, 2012, 9:15 AM CST
In force: 43 min
Issued by: NWS Houston/Galveston, TX
Area: Storm-based polygon

County Houston County, TX

The radar

The Ft Hood radar (KGRK), 186 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 14:31 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Dec 25, 9:10 AM CST	TORNADO	9 Nw Crockett, TX	POSSIBLE TORNADO REPORTED NEAR HOUSTON COUNTY LAKE
Dec 25, 9:22 AM CST	TORNADO	13 Se Crockett, TX	PUBLIC REPORT OF TORNADO DAMAGE ON 287 WITH A DESTROYED BUILDING.
Dec 25, 9:25 AM CST	TORNADO	8 Ene Lovelady, TX	WORST OF THE DAMAGE WAS ALONG HIGHWAY 287 ONE MILE NORTH OF PENNINGTON. A FEED STORE AND RESTAURANT WERE COMPLETELY DESTROYED BY AN EF-3 TORNADO WITH DEBRIS SCATTERED IN A FIELD TO THE EAST. SEVERAL HOMES AND TRAILERS WERE SEVERELY DAMAGED ALONG THE PATH. MOST

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Dec 25, 1:37 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	7 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Fort Worth, TX (KFWD), launched 12:00Z, 2.5 hours before the alert went out and 228 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: No buoyant parcel
Mixed-layer LCL: 1037 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 60 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 279 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 301 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.1

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

997 
WUUS54 KHGX 251432
SVRHGX
TXC225-251515-
/O.NEW.KHGX.SV.W.0166.121225T1432Z-121225T1515Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
832 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN LEAGUE CITY  HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  HOUSTON COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

* UNTIL 915 AM CST

* AT 828 AM CST...DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM 
  CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS IN 
  EXCESS OF 60 MPH. THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 15 MILES SOUTHWEST OF 
  CROCKETT...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 55 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  CROCKETT...GRAPELAND...LOVELADY...KENNARD AND LATEXO. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCE DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH...
DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...DEADLY LIGHTNING AND VERY HEAVY RAIN. FOR YOUR 
PROTECTION...MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF YOUR 
HOME OR BUSINESS. HEAVY RAINS FLOOD ROADS QUICKLY SO DO NOT DRIVE 
INTO AREAS WHERE WATER COVERS THE ROAD.

&&

LAT...LON 3157 9519 3138 9501 3100 9553 3115 9575
      3116 9573 3120 9575 3123 9573 3127 9573
      3132 9566 3136 9567 3142 9571 3146 9571
      3146 9575 3147 9572 3150 9574 3152 9565
      3155 9564 3159 9527
TIME...MOT...LOC 1428Z 229DEG 47KT 3118 9565 

$$

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Houston/Galveston, TX wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Dec 25, 4:33 AM CST, 3 hours 59 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Dec 25, 4:33 AM CST, 3 hours 59 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
433 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

.DISCUSSION...
LOOKS LIKE A BIT OF A BREAK IN THE ACTIVITY FOR SE TX ATTM AS THE
FIRST BATCH OF (ELEVATED) STORMS CONTINUES TO RACE OFF TO THE NE.
HOWEVER WE ARE STILL EXPECTING TSRA REDEVELOPMENT LATER THIS MORN-
ING ON/NEAR THE COLD FRONT...ALONG WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF STRONG
TO SEVERE STORMS. PER LATEST WV IMAGERY...PRONOUNCED DIFFLUENCE A-
LOFT NOTED OVER SE TX THIS MORNING AS DEWPTS CLIMB IN THE WAKE OF
THE WARM FRONT. SEVERE TSRA WATCH ALREADY POSTED FOR THE NRN PART
OF THE CWA BUT AS PER THE SPC DAY 1 OUTLOOK...THE THREAT EXPECTED
TO EVOLVE TO SUPERCELLS/POSSIBLE TORNADIC CELLS FOR MOST OF SE TX
FROM MID MORNING THROUGH EARLY AFTN TODAY.

THE OTHER MAIN STORYLINE FOR TODAY/TONIGHT WILL THE VERY COLD AIR-
MASS THAT IS FCST TO SETTLE OVER THE REGION BEHIND THE COLD FRONT.
OVERNIGHT LOWS TO FALL INTO THE MID 20S/MID 30S INLAND (UPPER 30S
COAST) BY WEDS MORNING.

A VERY PROGRESSIVE UPPER PATTERN SETTING UP THROUGH THIS FORECAST
CYCLE WITH THE NEXT COLD FRONT PROGGED FOR SE TX ON FRI. SCT POPS
WITH THIS FROPA AS LOW-LEVEL MOISTURE RETURNS QUICKLY. LONG-RANGE
GUIDANCE BEGINS TO DIVERGE OVER THE UPCOMING WEEKEND AS GFS SEEMS
TO LIKE THE IDEA OF A SLOWER TRACK OF THE STRONG CLOSED UPPER LOW
ACROSS NRN MEXICO (WHEN COMPARED TO ECMWF). THE MAIN TAKEAWAY FOR
THIS MIGHT BE THE INCREASINGLY SW FLOW ALOFT/POSSIBLE OVERRUNNING
CLOUDS WITH EMBEDDED SHORTWAVES FOR EARLY NEXT WEEK. HAVE TWEAKED
GRIDS ACCORDINGLY. 41

&&

.MARINE...
SCA CONDITIONS OFFSHORE AND WILL BE EXPANDING NORTHWARD THIS MORNING
SO WILL CARRY AN SCA FOR ALL WATERS. SEAS SHOULD QUICKLY BUILD TO 4-
7 FEET NEARSHORE AND 6-8 FEET OFFSHORE AS WINDS INCREASE THIS
MORNING. SURFACE CYCLOGENESIS TRACKS THROUGH THE WESTERN AND
NORTHERN PORTIONS OF SOUTHEAST TEXAS WHICH WILL VEER WINDS THIS
MORNING TO THE WEST THIS AFTERNOON WITH WINDS 15-25 KNOTS. THIS
SHOULD LOWER TIDE LEVELS TO .5-1.0 FOOT BELOW NORMAL AND NOT AS LOW
THE LAST FRONT. A SHORT WINDOW FOR STRONG TO SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS
10AM AND 1PM. RIDGING OVER SETX WED/THU SLIDES EAST AND WITH A WARM
FRONT MOVING BACK INTO THE UPPER TEXAS COASTAL WATERS BEFORE ANOTHER
COLD FRONT RACES THROUGH FRIDAY NIGHT WITH SUSTAINED WINDS AROUND 30
KNOTS A GOOD BET.
45

&&

.FIRE WEATHER...
MOIST SOUTHERLY FLOW THIS MORNING WILL GIVE WAY TO DRY WEST AND
NORTHWEST FLOW THIS AFTERNOON. RAINFALL THIS MORNING SHOULD LIMIT
FIRE WEATHER THREAT. NW-NNW FLOW WEDNESDAY OF 5 TO 12 MPH AND
COOLER WEATHER WILL LIMIT THE FALL OF THE HUMIDITY IN THE
AFTERNOON TO 30- 40 PERCENT FOR MOST OF THE REGION. 45

&&

.AVIATION...
WARM FRONT NEAR CXO AND LIFTING SLOWLY NORTHWARD. THIS SHOULD
LEAD TO MVFR TO VFR CIGS EARLY THIS MORNING AND CONTINUING THROUGH
THE MORNING HOURS. BUT THE CAVEAT IS THE APPROACHING UPPER JETMAX
WHICH SHOULD PROVIDE LOADS OF LIFT AND GIVEN AN MARGINALLY
UNSTABLE ATMOSPHERE WITH AN ELEVATED LAYER OF STEEP LAPSE RATES
ALOFT EXPECT TO TAP INTO THE INCREASINGLY MORE AVAILABLE CAPE
ENVIRONMENT AFTER 12Z THROUGH 17Z. VERY STRONG WIND PROFILE WITH
HELICITY OF 200-325 WILL BRING A TORNADO AND WIND THREAT FOR AREAS
CXO SOUTHWARD DURING THIS TIME FRAME. AFTERWARDS EXPECT THE WINDS
TO SWING TO THE WEST AND NORTHWEST INCREASING TO 15-20 KTS
SUSTAINED ALONG WITH HIGHER GUSTS. VFR CONDITIONS SHOULD PREVAIL
TONIGHT. 45

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
COLLEGE STATION (CLL)      66  28  45  28  55 /  70  10   0  10  10
HOUSTON (IAH)              74  34  47  31  56 /  80  10   0  10  10
GALVESTON (GLS)            73  38  48  39  58 /  60  10   0  10  20

&&

.HGX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
TX...NONE.
GM...SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY UNTIL 6 AM CST WEDNESDAY FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: GALVESTON BAY...MATAGORDA BAY...WATERS FROM FREEPORT
     TO THE MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL OUT 20 NM...WATERS FROM HIGH
     ISLAND TO FREEPORT OUT 20 NM.

     SMALL CRAFT SHOULD EXERCISE CAUTION UNTIL 6 AM CST EARLY THIS
     MORNING FOR THE FOLLOWING ZONES: GALVESTON BAY...MATAGORDA
     BAY...WATERS FROM FREEPORT TO THE MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL
     OUT 20 NM...WATERS FROM HIGH ISLAND TO FREEPORT OUT 20 NM.

     SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY UNTIL 6 AM CST WEDNESDAY FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: WATERS FROM FREEPORT TO THE MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL
     20 NM TO 60 NM...WATERS FROM HIGH ISLAND TO FREEPORT 20 TO
     60 NM.

&&

Hazardous weather outlook, Dec 25, 7:47 AM CST, 45 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
747 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

TXZ163-164-176>179-195>200-210>214-226-227-235>238-261400-
AUSTIN-BRAZORIA-BRAZOS-BURLESON-CHAMBERS-COLORADO-FORT BEND-
GALVESTON-GRIMES-HARRIS-HOUSTON-JACKSON-LIBERTY-MADISON-MATAGORDA-
MONTGOMERY-POLK-SAN JACINTO-TRINITY-WALKER-WALLER-WASHINGTON-
WHARTON-
747 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTHEAST TEXAS.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

STRONG TO SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE FOR A LARGE PART OF
SOUTHEAST TEXAS THIS MORNING AS A COLD FRONT MOVES INTO AREA.
THOUGH SEVERE STORMS CANNOT BE RULED OUT ANYWHERE...AT THIS TIME
IT APPEARS THE MORE FAVORABLE LOCATIONS WILL BE NORTH OF
INTERSTATE 10 BETWEEN THE HOURS OF 8 AM AND 12 PM. GIVEN THE
AMOUNT OF WIND SHEAR IN THE ATMOSPHERE...THE PRIMARY SEVERE
WEATHER THREAT WILL BE TORNADOES. DAMAGING WINDS AND HAIL WILL BE
SECONDARY THREATS. WARM AIR ALOFT MAY KEEP WIDESPREAD THUNDERSTORM
ACTIVITY FROM DEVELOPING SOUTH OF THE WARM FRONT OR SOUTH OF THE
HOUSTON AREA. MOST OF THE THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY AND TORNADO THREAT
WILL BE CONFINED TO NEAR AND JUST SOUTH OF THE WARM FRONT OR NORTH
OF INTERSTATE 10.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY

FREEZING TEMPERATURES ARE POSSIBLE ACROSS INLAND LOCATIONS
WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY MORNINGS. OTHERWISE NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER
IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED THIS MORNING.

GMZ330-335-350-355-370-375-261400-
GALVESTON BAY-MATAGORDA BAY-
WATERS FROM FREEPORT TO THE MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL 20 NM TO 60 NM-
WATERS FROM FREEPORT TO THE MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL OUT 20 NM-
WATERS FROM HIGH ISLAND TO FREEPORT 20 TO 60 NM-
WATERS FROM HIGH ISLAND TO FREEPORT OUT 20 NM-
747 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTHEAST TEXAS.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

STRONG ONSHORE WINDS THIS MORNING EXPECTED TO SHIFT TO THE
NORTHWEST LATER THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT WITH THE PASSAGE OF A
COLD FRONT. A SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY MAY BE REQUIRED.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY

A STRONG GUSTY NORTHWEST WINDS ON WEDNESDAY SHOULD DECREASE LATE
WEDNESDAY NIGHT AS HIGH PRESSURE SETTLES OVER THE AREA.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED THIS MORNING.

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Dec 25, 2:54 AM CST, 5 hours 38 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
254 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

TXZ163-250915-
HOUSTON TX-
254 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR NORTHEASTERN HOUSTON COUNTY
UNTIL 315 AM CST...

AT 252 AM CST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING
A STRONG THUNDERSTORM 10 MILES EAST OF GRAPELAND...OR 13 MILES
NORTHEAST OF CROCKETT...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 50 MPH.

HAIL UP TO THE SIZE OF DIMES WILL BE POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM.

THIS STORM WILL REMAIN OVER MAINLY RURAL AREAS OF NORTHEASTERN
HOUSTON COUNTY.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM.
LIGHTNING CAN STRIKE 15 MILES AWAY FROM A THUNDERSTORM. SEEK A SAFE
SHELTER INSIDE A BUILDING OR VEHICLE.

&&

LAT...LON 3158 9526 3157 9520 3159 9517 3156 9514
      3155 9515 3154 9513 3136 9525 3144 9544
      3156 9540 3158 9537 3159 9527
TIME...MOT...LOC 0852Z 204DEG 44KT 3147 9531

DR

Special weather statement, Dec 25, 8:13 AM CST, 19 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
813 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

TXZ163-164-251500-
TRINITY TX-HOUSTON TX-
813 AM CST TUE DEC 25 2012

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR NORTHEASTERN TRINITY AND HOUSTON
COUNTIES UNTIL 900 AM CST...

AT 807 AM CST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR WAS TRACKING
A STRONG THUNDERSTORM 13 MILES EAST OF CENTERVILLE...OR 18 MILES
WEST OF CROCKETT...MOVING EAST AT 45 MPH.

HAIL UP TO THE SIZE OF PEAS AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 40 MPH WILL BE
POSSIBLE WITH THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
CROCKETT...GRAPELAND...LOVELADY...KENNARD AND LATEXO.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM.
LIGHTNING CAN STRIKE 15 MILES AWAY FROM A THUNDERSTORM. SEEK A SAFE
SHELTER INSIDE A BUILDING OR VEHICLE.

THIS STORM MAY INTENSIFY...SO BE CERTAIN TO MONITOR LOCAL RADIO AND
TV STATIONS...AS WELL AS LOCAL CABLE TV OUTLETS...FOR ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS FROM THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

&&

LAT...LON 3157 9522 3159 9517 3152 9510 3147 9510
      3145 9501 3139 9495 3136 9497 3106 9551
      3111 9575 3116 9573 3120 9575 3127 9573
      3132 9566 3146 9571 3146 9575 3147 9572
      3150 9574 3152 9565 3155 9564 3159 9529
TIME...MOT...LOC 1407Z 258DEG 46KT 3130 9576

The office that day

Everything else NWS Houston/Galveston, TX issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Dec 25, 12:47 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Montgomery	28 min
Dec 25, 1:09 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Grimes, San Jacinto, Walker	36 min
Dec 25, 1:36 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Polk	39 min
Dec 25, 1:48 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Trinity	27 min
Dec 25, 2:12 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Houston, Polk, Trinity	48 min
Dec 25, 2:54 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Houston	21 min
Dec 25, 8:13 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Houston	47 min
Dec 25, 8:42 AM CST	Tornado Warning	HGX	Houston	48 min
Dec 25, 9:04 AM CST	Tornado Warning	HGX	Houston, Polk, Trinity	41 min
Dec 25, 9:17 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Houston, Madison	43 min
Dec 25, 9:45 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Polk, Trinity	30 min
Dec 25, 9:56 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	San Jacinto	49 min
Dec 25, 9:57 AM CST	Tornado Warning	HGX	Houston, Trinity	22 min
Dec 25, 10:02 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	San Jacinto	43 min
Dec 25, 10:15 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, Polk, San Jacinto	30 min
Dec 25, 10:18 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Polk, San Jacinto, Trinity	42 min
Dec 25, 10:38 AM CST	Wind Advisory	HGX	Austin, Brazoria, Brazos, Burleson, Chambers, Colorado and 17 more	16 hr
Dec 25, 10:39 AM CST	Tornado Warning	HGX	Harris, Liberty, Montgomery	36 min
Dec 25, 10:42 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Liberty, Montgomery, Polk, San Jacinto	17 min
Dec 25, 11:01 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Chambers, Harris, Liberty	44 min
Dec 25, 11:07 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Chambers	53 min
Dec 25, 11:08 AM CST	Special Marine Warning	HGX		82 min
Dec 25, 11:12 AM CST	Tornado Warning	HGX	Chambers, Harris, Liberty	48 min
Dec 25, 11:18 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Brazoria, Galveston, Harris	42 min
Dec 25, 11:23 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Chambers, Harris, Liberty	55 min
Dec 25, 11:24 AM CST	Special Marine Warning	HGX		81 min
Dec 25, 11:35 AM CST	Special Weather Statement	HGX	Brazoria, Matagorda	70 min
Dec 25, 11:54 AM CST	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	HGX	Brazoria, Galveston	24 min
Dec 25, 12:15 PM CST	Special Marine Warning	HGX		2 hr
Dec 25, 12:46 PM CST	Special Marine Warning	HGX		59 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Texas, 2012 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2012

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.