Alert archive / Nebraska / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2012

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 79, NWS Goodland, KS

June 14, 2012Hitchcock County, Red Willow County, Nebraska

NWS Goodland, KS issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 14, 2012, 5:55 PM CDT for Hitchcock County, Red Willow County, Nebraska. It was in force for 18 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Jun 14, 2012, 5:55 PM CDT (22:55 UTC)
Expired: Jun 14, 2012, 6:13 PM CDT
In force: 18 min
Issued by: NWS Goodland, KS
Area: Storm-based polygon
Hail: 1.0 in
Wind: 60.0 mph

Counties Hitchcock County, NE, Red Willow County, NE

The radar

The Goodland radar (KGLD), 125 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 22:57 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jun 14, 3:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	7 hr

The nearest sounding before it

N. Platte/Lee Bi, NE (KLBF), launched 12:00Z, 10.9 hours before the alert went out and 102 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 2256 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -362 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 799 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 21 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 183 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 194 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

035 
WUUS53 KGLD 142255
SVRGLD
NEC087-145-150000-
/O.NEW.KGLD.SV.W.0079.120614T2255Z-120615T0000Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
555 PM CDT THU JUN 14 2012

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN GOODLAND HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  NORTHEASTERN HITCHCOCK COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST NEBRASKA...
  NORTHWESTERN RED WILLOW COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST NEBRASKA...

* UNTIL 700 PM CDT

* AT 552 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
  DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 7 MILES
  NORTHEAST OF CULBERTSON...AND WAS MOVING NORTH AT 10 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  MAINLY RURAL AREAS OF EXTREME NORTHEASTERN HITCHCOCK AND
  NORTHWESTERN RED WILLOW COUNTIES.

THIS INCLUDES HIGHWAY 34 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 60 AND 88.

THIS INCLUDES HIGHWAY 83 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 10 AND 26.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCE DAMAGING WIND IN EXCESS OF 60 MILES PER
HOUR...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...DEADLY LIGHTNING...AND VERY HEAVY RAIN. FOR
YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF YOUR
HOME OR BUSINESS. HEAVY RAINS FLOOD ROADS QUICKLY SO DO NOT DRIVE
INTO AREAS WHERE WATER COVERS THE ROAD.

&&

LAT...LON 4011 10062 4016 10105 4035 10095 4035 10051
TIME...MOT...LOC 2255Z 189DEG 9KT 4029 10073
WIND...HAIL 60MPH 1.00IN
$$

AEP

1 follow-up statement

787 
WWUS53 KGLD 142313
SVSGLD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
513 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

NEC087-145-142323-
/O.CAN.KGLD.SV.W.0079.000000T0000Z-120615T0000Z/
HITCHCOCK NE-RED WILLOW NE-
613 PM CDT THU JUN 14 2012

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR NORTHWESTERN RED WILLOW AND
NORTHEASTERN HITCHCOCK COUNTIES IS CANCELLED...

THE STORM WHICH PROMPTED THE WARNING HAS WEAKENED ACROSS THE WARNED 
AREA.

LAT...LON 4011 10062 4016 10105 4035 10095 4035 10051
TIME...MOT...LOC 2313Z 189DEG 9KT 4033 10072
$$

JSL

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Goodland, KS wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 14, 3:35 PM CDT, 2 hours 20 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 14, 3:35 PM CDT, 2 hours 20 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
235 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

.SHORT TERM...(THIS EVENING THROUGH FRIDAY)
ISSUED AT 225 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

COMPLICATED FORECAST FOR LATE THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING WITH
STALLED COLD FRONT ACROSS THE CWA AND THE POTENTIAL FOR SEVERE
THUNDERSTORMS TO DEVELOP BY 21Z.

CURRENT VAPOR IMAGERY SHOWS COMPACT UPPER LEVEL TROUGH MOVING INTO
MANITOBA WITH VORT MAX MOVING THROUGH NORTH DAKOTA. ANOTHER WAVE
MOVING THROUGH THE SOUTHERN ROCKIES WILL IMPACT THE REGION LATE THIS
AFTERNOON AND EVENING. AT THE SURFACE...COLD FRONT HAS SAGGED INTO
THE CWA AND CURRENTLY STALLED ALONG A LINE FROM ABOUT MCCOOK
NEBRASKA TO LAMAR COLORADO AND WILL BE THE MAIN FOCUS FOR CONVECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT. EXPECT DEVELOPMENT TO BEGIN ALONG CONVERGENCE ZONE NEAR
TRENTON AND WORK SOUTHWARD ALONG FRONT. SURFACE OBS IMPLY THAT WINDS
ARE BEGINNING TO BACK ACROSS THE NORTHEAST CWA WITH MESOLOW
DEVELOPING IN THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF KANSAS. THIS WILL ALLOW FOR
INCREASED CONVERGENCE ALONG THE FRONTAL BOUNDARY. CAP HAS QUICKLY
BEGUN TO ERODE AS DAYTIME HEATING HAS HELPED TO MIX OUT THE BOUNDARY
LAYER. DEEP LAYER MOISTURE PROFILE WITH SURFACE DEW POINTS IN THE 50S
AND 60S ACROSS THE CWA HAS CONTRIBUTED TO A VERY UNSTABLE AIR MASS
ACROSS KANSAS AND NEBRASKA. WITH PRECIPITABLE WATER VALUES OF 1-1.5
INCHES AND RELATIVELY WEAK FLOW ALOFT...STORMS WILL BE CAPABLE OF
PRODUCING HEAVY RAINFALL WHICH WILL LEAD TO FLOOD ISSUES ALONG THE
CONVECTIVE LINE. IN ADDITION...SIGNIFICANT CAPE VALUES OF 3000-4000
J/KG WILL ALLOW FOR STRONG UPDRAFTS AND THE PRODUCTION OF LARGE
HAIL. STORMS WILL MOVE EASTWARD THROUGH THIS EVENING.

FRIDAY BRINGS ANOTHER CHANCE FOR THUNDERSTORMS AS LOW LEVEL MOISTURE
CONTINUES TO BE ABUNDANTLY AVAILABLE AND ANOTHER SHORTWAVE TROUGH
AND PACIFIC COLD FRONT APPROACH THE REGION. CYCLOGENESIS WILL DEVELOP
ACROSS NEW MEXICO BY TOMORROW AFTERNOON AND WILL ALLOW FOR UPSLOPE
FLOW PATTERN ALONG THE HIGH PLAINS. GREATEST THREAT FOR SEVERE
WEATHER WILL EXTEND FROM NORTHEAST COLORADO NORTH INTO THE BLACK
HILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA.

.LONG TERM...(FRIDAY NIGHT THROUGH THURSDAY)
ISSUED AT 225 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

AN UPPER LEVEL SHORT WAVE TROUGH WILL MOVE IN FROM THE WEST FRIDAY
EVENING.  MODELS SHOW THE BEST INSTABILITY TO BE JUST AHEAD OF THE
UPPER LEVEL TROUGH ALONG AND WEST OF THE COLORADO BORDER.  THERE IS
ALSO A SURFACE TROUGH JUST SOUTH OF THE AREA WHICH MAY ALSO SERVE AS
A FOCUS FOR CONVECTION...SO WILL EXTEND PRECIP. CHANCES SOUTH TOWARD
THE TRIBUNE AND LEOTI AREA.  FURTHER EAST OF THE COLORADO BORDER
POINT SOUNDINGS SHOW A WEAK CAP IN PLACE SO WILL KEEP AREAS FURTHER
EAST DRY FOR THE EARLY EVENING. DURING THE LATE EVENING THE SHORT WAVE
TROUGH CONTINUES TO PROGRESS EAST AS DOES THE AXIS OF INSTABILITY.
AS THE LOW LEVEL JET STRENGTHENS 850-700MB THETA-E CONVERGENCE
DEVELOPS OVER THE CENTRAL PART OF THE AREA. POINT SOUNDINGS
SATURATE DOWN TO 850MB OR SO. WITH THE ADDED LIFTING OF THE LOW
LEVEL JET AND INCREASED MOISTURE...THIS SHOULD BE THE BEST PERIOD
FOR PRECIPITATION SO HAVE INCREASED PRECIP. CHANCES SOME DURING
THE LATE EVENING. DURING THE OVERNIGHT PERIOD THE SHORT WAVE
TROUGH PROGRESSES EASTWARD...EXITING THE AREA DURING THE EARLY
MORNING. A COLD FRONT WILL MOVE INTO THE TRI-STATE AREA BEHIND THE
SHORT WAVE TROUGH. WITH POINT SOUNDINGS SHOWING A DRYING TREND
WILL HAVE PRECIP. CHANCES DECLINE THROUGH THE REST OF THE NIGHT.

SATURDAY WILL LEAVE IN SOME SLIGHT CHANCES FOR THE MORNING OVER THE
MCCOOK TO HILL CITY AREA AS THE UPPER LEVEL SHORT WAVE TROUGH EXITS
THE AREA. THERE WILL BE SOME LINGERING MOISTURE FOR LIFTING ALONG
THE COLD FRONT TO WORK WITH.  THE COLD FRONT WILL EXIT THE AREA
AROUND NOON...STALLING JUST SOUTH OF THE AREA DURING THE AFTERNOON.

DURING THE AFTERNOON AN UPPER LEVEL SHORT WAVE TROUGH WILL MOVE OVER
THE WESTERN PART OF THE AREA.  AN INSTABILITY AXIS WILL DEVELOP
ALONG THE COLORADO BORDER WITH MINIMAL CINH WHICH WILL ALLOW
THUNDERSTORMS TO DEVELOP AHEAD OF THE UPPER LEVEL TROUGH.  MODELS
ALSO SHOW AN AREA OF SURFACE CONVERGENCE IN THE WIND FIELD
CO-LOCATED WITH THE INSTABILITY AXIS WHICH SHOULD SERVE AS A FOCUS
FOR STORM DEVELOPMENT.  THE STALLED FRONT SOUTH OF THE AREA WILL
ALSO SERVE AS A FOCUS FOR CONVECTION DURING THE LATE AFTERNOON SO
HAVE EXTENDED THE PRECIP. CHANCES FROM THE COLORADO BORDER EAST
TOWARD LEOTI AND HILL CITY.  TRAINING THUNDERSTORMS MAY DEVELOP
AROUND THE TRIBUNE TO HILL CITY AREA DUE TO THE MEAN FLOW RUNNING
PARALLEL TO THE STALLED FRONT JUST SOUTH OF THE AREA.

SATURDAY NIGHT ANOTHER UPPER LEVEL SHORT WAVE TROUGH MOVES THROUGH
THE AREA.  MODELS DISAGREE WITH THE TIMING OF SHORT WAVE TROUGH.
THE NAM/SREF/ECMWF MOVE THE TROUGH THROUGH FASTER WHILE THE GFS
MOVES THE TROUGH THROUGH SLOWER.  WILL SIDE WITH THE CONSENSUS AND
KEEP THE WEST HALF OF THE AREA DRY WITH SOME PRECIP. CHANCES OVER
THE EAST DURING THE OVERNIGHT HOURS BEFORE THE SHORT WAVE TROUGH
EXITS DURING THE EARLY MORNING HOURS.

FOR THE SUNDAY THROUGH THURSDAY PERIOD A LONG WAVE TROUGH WILL
REMAIN JUST NORTH OF THE AREA.  ON TUESDAY AN UPPER LEVEL SHORT WAVE
TROUGH WILL DEEPEN OVER THE GREAT BASIN...TURNING THE UPPER LEVEL
FLOW TO THE SOUTHWEST.  TUESDAY NIGHT A SHORT WAVE TROUGH WILL MOVE
THROUGH THE AREA ACROSS A DRY LINE.  THIS WILL LEAD TO PRECIPITATION
CHANCES FOR THE EASTERN PART OF THE AREA.  WEDNESDAY THERE WILL BE
SOME LINGERING PRECIP. CHANCES IN THE FAR EAST AS THE SHORT WAVE
TROUGH DEPARTS THE AREA.

A COLD FRONT WILL MOVE IN WEDNESDAY NIGHT....GIVING THE AREA THE
BEST SHOT AT PRECIP. CHANCES FOR NEXT WEEK.  BEHIND THE FRONT THE
LONG WAVE TROUGH AXIS WILL MOVE THROUGH THE AREA...BRINGING PRECIP.
CHANCES TO AN END.  THERE MAY BE A FEW LINGERING PRECIP. CHANCES OUT
EAST AND SOUTH BEFORE THE FRONT AND TROUGH AXIS EXIT THE AREA
THURSDAY MORNING.

&&

.AVIATION...(FOR THE 18Z TAFS THROUGH 18Z FRIDAY AFTERNOON)
ISSUED AT 1146 AM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

MAIN CONCERN FOR PREVAILING TAF PERIOD WILL BE THE CHANCE FOR
THUNDERSTORMS THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. FRONT HAS MOVED THROUGH
KGLD WITH WINDS SWITCHING AROUND TO THE NORTHWEST BEHIND THE
FRONT. EXPECT MAIN CONVECTIVE LINE TO INITIATE BETWEEN 20-21Z ALONG
THE FRONTAL ZONE. MOST OF THE CONVECTION WILL OCCUR SOUTH AND EAST
OF KGLD AND MOVE EASTWARD. HAVE ADDED A VCTS FOR KGLD IN CASE
INITIATION BEGINS FURTHER WEST THAN EXPECTED. WINDS WILL BE GUSTY
AFTER THE FRONT PASSES AND BECOME LIGHT OVERNIGHT. BUFKIT
SOUNDINGS BRING STRATUS DECK INTO BOTH TERMINALS BY TOMORROW MORNING.

&&

.GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
KS...NONE.
CO...NONE.
NE...NONE.
&&

SHORT TERM...PM
LONG TERM...JTL
AVIATION...PMM

Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 14, 11:37 AM CDT, 6 hours 18 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
1037 AM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

COZ090>092-KSZ001>004-013>016-027>029-041-042-NEZ079>081-151215-
YUMA-KIT CARSON-CHEYENNE CO-CHEYENNE KS-RAWLINS-DECATUR-NORTON-
SHERMAN-THOMAS-SHERIDAN-GRAHAM-WALLACE-LOGAN-GOVE-GREELEY-WICHITA-
DUNDY-HITCHCOCK-RED WILLOW-
1037 AM MDT THU JUN 14 2012 /1137 AM CDT THU JUN 14 2012/

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR EXTREME SOUTHWEST
NEBRASKA...NORTHWEST KANSAS AND EAST CENTRAL COLORADO.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE THIS AFTERNOON THROUGH
TONIGHT...MAINLY EAST OF THE COLORADO KANSAS BORDER. A FEW STORMS
COULD BECOME SEVERE WITH LARGE HAIL...DAMAGING WINDS...AND
LOCALLY HEAVY RAINFALL THE PRIMARY THREATS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE LATE FRIDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH
EVENING ACROSS MUCH OF THE AREA AS A WEATHER DISTURBANCE MOVES
ACROSS THE AREA FROM THE WEST. LARGE HAIL...DAMAGING WINDS AND
LOCALLY HEAVY RAINFALL ARE POSSIBLE.

ADDITIONAL THUNDERSTORM CHANCES ARE EXPECTED SATURDAY. AT THIS
TIME...WIDESPREAD SEVERE WEATHER IS NOT EXPECTED.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE REQUIRED THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 14, 4:43 PM CDT, 1 hour 12 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
343 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0330 PM     HAIL             9 NNE LUDELL            39.97N 100.89W
06/14/2012  M1.00 INCH       RAWLINS            KS   PUBLIC

            ESTIMATED LOCATION OF REPORT.

0330 PM     HAIL             9 NNE LUDELL            39.97N 100.89W
06/14/2012  E1.00 INCH       RAWLINS            KS   PUBLIC

            ESTIMATED LOCATION OF REPORT.

&&

LUNDQUIST

Local storm report, Jun 14, 4:59 PM CDT, 56 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
359 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0355 PM     HAIL             4 N LUDELL              39.91N 100.96W
06/14/2012  E1.75 INCH       RAWLINS            KS   TRAINED SPOTTER

            DIME SIZE HAIL STILL FALLING.

&&

LUNDQUIST

Local storm report, Jun 14, 5:04 PM CDT, 51 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
404 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0404 PM     HAIL             DANBURY                 40.04N 100.40W
06/14/2012  E1.00 INCH       RED WILLOW         NE   TRAINED SPOTTER

            ESTIMATED 40-50 MPH WINDS.

&&

LUNDQUIST

Local storm report, Jun 14, 5:39 PM CDT, 16 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
439 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0420 PM     HAIL             11 NNE NORCATUR         39.98N 100.11W
06/14/2012  E0.88 INCH       NORTON             KS   PUBLIC

            HAIL IS STILL FALLING WITH WIND GUSTS OF 40 MPH.

&&

LUNDQUIST

Local storm report, Jun 14, 5:43 PM CDT, 12 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
443 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0435 PM     HAIL             4 E MCCOOK              40.20N 100.54W
06/14/2012  E1.25 INCH       RED WILLOW         NE   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

MLAMMERS

Local storm report, Jun 14, 5:47 PM CDT, 8 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
447 PM MDT THU JUN 14 2012

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0430 PM     HAIL             3 NW REAGER             39.86N 100.14W
06/14/2012  E0.88 INCH       NORTON             KS   PUBLIC

            HAIL STILL FALLING. WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH WITH HEAVY
            RAINFALL REDUCING VISIBILITIES TO A QUARTER MILE.

&&

LUNDQUIST

The office that day

Everything else NWS Goodland, KS issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jun 13, 7:10 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	GLD	Hitchcock	35 min
Jun 14, 4:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GLD	Red Willow	64 min
Jun 14, 4:20 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GLD	Hitchcock, Red Willow	55 min
Jun 14, 4:43 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GLD	Red Willow	44 min
Jun 14, 5:20 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GLD	Red Willow	55 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Nebraska, 2012 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2012

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.