Alert archive / Kansas / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2011

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 107, NWS Goodland, KS

June 18, 2011Sherman County, Thomas County, Kansas

NWS Goodland, KS issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jun 18, 2011, 4:36 PM MDT for Sherman County, Thomas County, Kansas. It was in force for 54 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jun 18, 2011, 4:36 PM MDT (22:36 UTC)
Expired: Jun 18, 2011, 5:30 PM MDT
In force: 54 min
Issued by: NWS Goodland, KS
Area: Storm-based polygon
Hail: 1.0 in
Wind: 60.0 mph

Counties Sherman County, KS, Thomas County, KS

The radar

The Goodland radar (KGLD), 15 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 22:37 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jun 18, 4:50 PM MDT	HAIL 0.75	2 W Goodland, KS

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jun 18, 12:31 PM MDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	7 hr
Jun 18, 4:36 PM MDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	7 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Denver, CO (KDNR), launched 12:00Z, 10.6 hours before the alert went out and 157 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 110 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -160 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1171 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 34 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 55 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 52 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

380 
WUUS53 KGLD 182236
SVRGLD
KSC181-193-182330-
/O.NEW.KGLD.SV.W.0107.110618T2236Z-110618T2330Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
436 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN GOODLAND HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  SHERMAN COUNTY IN NORTHWEST KANSAS...
  WESTERN THOMAS COUNTY IN NORTHWEST KANSAS...

* UNTIL 530 PM MDT/630 PM CDT/

* AT 432 PM MDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
  DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR
  RULETON...AND WAS MOVING EAST AT 25 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  GOODLAND...EDSON AND BREWSTER.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 70 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 2 AND 46.

THIS INCLUDES HIGHWAY 27 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 158 AND 180.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCE DAMAGING WIND IN EXCESS OF 60 MILES PER
HOUR...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...DEADLY LIGHTNING...AND VERY HEAVY RAIN. FOR
YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF YOUR
HOME OR BUSINESS. HEAVY RAINS FLOOD ROADS QUICKLY SO DO NOT DRIVE
INTO AREAS WHERE WATER COVERS THE ROAD.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...CONTACT YOUR NEAREST LAW ENFORCEMENT
AGENCY. THEY WILL RELAY YOUR REPORT TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
IN GOODLAND.

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS ALSO OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM...AND MAY LEAD
TO FLASH FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED
ROADWAYS.


&&

LAT...LON 3948 10120 3914 10120 3914 10204 3947 10203
TIME...MOT...LOC 2237Z 270DEG 20KT 3934 10180
WIND...HAIL 60MPH 1.00IN
$$

BULLER

3 follow-up statements

645 
WWUS53 KGLD 182253
SVSGLD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
453 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

KSC181-193-182330-
/O.CON.KGLD.SV.W.0107.000000T0000Z-110618T2330Z/
THOMAS KS-SHERMAN KS-
453 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR SHERMAN AND
WESTERN THOMAS COUNTIES UNTIL 530 PM MDT/630 PM CDT/...

AT 446 PM MDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR
GOODLAND...AND WAS MOVING EAST AT 25 MPH.

IN ADDITION...AT 450 PM MDT...AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR REPORTED DIME 
SIZE HAIL 2 MILES WEST OF GOODLAND. 

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  EDSON AND BREWSTER.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 70 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 2 AND 46.

THIS INCLUDES HIGHWAY 27 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 158 AND 180.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCE DAMAGING WIND IN EXCESS OF 60 MILES PER
HOUR...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...DEADLY LIGHTNING...AND VERY HEAVY RAIN. FOR
YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF YOUR
HOME OR BUSINESS. HEAVY RAINS FLOOD ROADS QUICKLY SO DO NOT DRIVE
INTO AREAS WHERE WATER COVERS THE ROAD.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...CONTACT YOUR NEAREST LAW ENFORCEMENT
AGENCY. THEY WILL RELAY YOUR REPORT TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
IN GOODLAND.

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS ALSO OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM...AND MAY LEAD
TO FLASH FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED
ROADWAYS.

&&

LAT...LON 3948 10120 3914 10120 3914 10204 3947 10203
TIME...MOT...LOC 2251Z 270DEG 20KT 3934 10170
WIND...HAIL 60MPH 1.00IN
$$

BULLER

124 
WWUS53 KGLD 182311
SVSGLD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
511 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

KSC181-193-182330-
/O.CON.KGLD.SV.W.0107.000000T0000Z-110618T2330Z/
THOMAS KS-SHERMAN KS-
511 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR SOUTHEASTERN
SHERMAN AND WESTERN THOMAS COUNTIES UNTIL 530 PM MDT/630 PM CDT/...

AT 509 PM MDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 6 MILES
SOUTH OF EDSON...AND WAS MOVING EAST AT 30 MPH.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  BREWSTER.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 70 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 19 AND 45.

THIS INCLUDES HIGHWAY 27 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 158 AND 169.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PRODUCE DAMAGING WIND IN EXCESS OF 60 MILES PER
HOUR...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...DEADLY LIGHTNING...AND VERY HEAVY RAIN. FOR
YOUR PROTECTION MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF YOUR
HOME OR BUSINESS. HEAVY RAINS FLOOD ROADS QUICKLY SO DO NOT DRIVE
INTO AREAS WHERE WATER COVERS THE ROAD.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...CONTACT YOUR NEAREST LAW ENFORCEMENT
AGENCY. THEY WILL RELAY YOUR REPORT TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
IN GOODLAND.

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL IS ALSO OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM...AND MAY LEAD
TO FLASH FLOODING. DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE THROUGH FLOODED
ROADWAYS.

&&

LAT...LON 3915 10120 3914 10179 3926 10179 3948 10153
      3948 10121
TIME...MOT...LOC 2311Z 270DEG 26KT 3924 10149
WIND...HAIL 60MPH 1.00IN
$$

BULLER

700 
WWUS53 KGLD 182331
SVSGLD

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
531 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

KSC181-193-182341-
/O.EXP.KGLD.SV.W.0107.000000T0000Z-110618T2330Z/
THOMAS KS-SHERMAN KS-
531 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR SOUTHEASTERN SHERMAN AND
WESTERN THOMAS COUNTIES HAS EXPIRED...

THE STORM WHICH PROMPTED THE WARNING HAS WEAKENED BELOW SEVERE
LIMITS...AND NO LONGER POSES AN IMMEDIATE THREAT TO LIFE OR
PROPERTY...HOWEVER SMALL HAIL...GUSTY WINDS AND HEAVY RAIN ARE STILL
POSSIBLE WITH THIS THUNDERSTORM.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...CONTACT YOUR NEAREST LAW ENFORCEMENT
AGENCY. THEY WILL RELAY YOUR REPORT TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
IN GOODLAND.

LAT...LON 3915 10120 3914 10179 3926 10179 3948 10153
      3948 10121
TIME...MOT...LOC 2311Z 270DEG 26KT 3924 10149
$$

BULLER

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Goodland, KS wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jun 18, 2:10 PM MDT, 2 hours 26 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jun 18, 2:10 PM MDT, 2 hours 26 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
210 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

.DISCUSSION...
200 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

ANOTHER BATCH OF THUNDERSTORMS CURRENTLY ACROSS FAR EASTERN
COLORADO WILL ROLL THROUGH MUCH OF THE AREA THROUGH EARLY EVENING
AS YET ANOTHER WEATHER DISTURBANCE MOVES THROUGH. FOR SUNDAY
TEMPERATURES TO RETURN ABOVE NORMAL WITH 85-90 IN FAR EASTERN
COLORADO...90-100 EAST OF THE BORDER AS DRYLINE PUSHES NORTHEAST
ON GUSTY SOUTHWEST WINDS AT THE SFC. BETTER MOISTURE AND
INSTABILITY FAVOR AREAS GENERALLY NORTH OF INTERSTATE 70 FOR
AFTERNOON SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS. AS A COLD FRONT AND UPPER
TROUGH ADVANCE EAST SUNDAY NIGHT SHOWER AND THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY
WILL SLOWLY INCREASE ACROSS FAR EASTERN COLORADO AND ADJACENT
COUNTIES IN SOUTHWEST NEBRASKA AND WESTERN KANSAS. VERY WARM 700MB
TEMPS WILL LIMIT/CAP ANYTHING FURTHER EAST. MUCH COOLER
TEMPERATURES ON MONDAY UNDERNEATH THE UPPER LOW WITH HIGHS AROUND
70 EXCEPT LOW 80S FROM HILL CITY TO TRIBUNE. NORTHWEST WINDS IN
THE BREEZY TO WINDY CATEGORY. POST FRONTAL WRAPAROUND SHOWERS AND
THUNDERSTORM COVERAGE EXPECTED TO INCREASE DURING THE DAY
DECREASING FROM WEST TO EAST MONDAY NIGHT. ON TUESDAY UPPER LOW
SLOWLY LIFTS NORTHEAST BUT THE AREA WELL WITHIN ITS INFLUENCE AS
850 TEMPS SHOW ONLY A SLIGHT RISE. WILL AIM FOR HIGHS IN THE 70S
EXCEPT 80S FROM HILL CITY TO TRIBUNE.

FOR THE EXTENDED PERIODS WEDNESDAY THROUGH SATURDAY...UPPER RIDGE
BUILDS INTO THE AREA FROM THE SOUTHWEST ALLOWING HIGH TEMPERATURES
TO REBOUND ABOVE NORMAL BY THURSDAY WITH NO PRECIPITATION
EXPECTED. FOR FRIDAY AND SATURDAY UPPER RIDGE SQUASHED SLIGHTLY
SOUTHWARD AS UPPER TROUGH ENTERS THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST.
TEMPERATURES IN THE MID 80S TO LOW 90S EACH DAY WITH LITTLE CHANCE
OF PRECIPITATION.

007

&&

.AVIATION...
1125 AM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

CURRENT RADAR SHOW THUNDERSTORMS DEVELOPING OVER EASTERN COLORADO.
HAVE VCTS STARTING OUT THE TAF FOR KGLD...THEN HAVE A TEMPO GROUP
DURING THE BEST TIME FRAME FOR THE STORMS TO MOVE IN. HAVE A TEMPO
GROUP DURING THE FIRST 6 HOURS AT KMCK IN CASE STORMS MIGRATE THAT
FAR DURING THE FIRST PART OF THE TAF. STORMS SHOULD BE OUT OF THE
AREA AFTER 6Z. SOUNDINGS AT BOTH LOCATIONS SHOW A POSSIBILITY FOR
FOG TO MOVE IN AFTER 6Z. INCLUDED A SLIGHT VISIBILITY RESTRICTION
AND SOME LOW CLOUDS FOR THIS.

JTL

&&

.FIRE WEATHER...
200 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

AREAS ALONG AND SOUTH OF THE INTERSTATE WILL HAVE MIN RH OF 20
PERCENT OR LESS SUNDAY AFTERNOON WITH TRIBUNE AND LEOTI AREAS
CLOSER TO 10 PERCENT. GUSTY SOUTHWEST WINDS ARE EXPECTED WHICH
WOULD LIKELY CREATE HAZARDOUS FIRE WEATHER CONDITIONS.
HOWEVER...WITH RECENT RAINFALL THE LAST NIGHT OR TWO AND MORE
POSSIBLE TONIGHT WILL HOLD OFF ON ANY FIRE WEATHER HIGHLITES.

007

&&

.GLD WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
KS...NONE.
NE...NONE.
CO...NONE.
&&

Hazardous weather outlook, Jun 18, 11:00 AM MDT, 5 hours 36 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
1100 AM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

COZ090>092-KSZ001>004-013>016-027>029-041-042-NEZ079>081-191230-
YUMA-KIT CARSON-CHEYENNE CO-CHEYENNE KS-RAWLINS-DECATUR-NORTON-
SHERMAN-THOMAS-SHERIDAN-GRAHAM-WALLACE-LOGAN-GOVE-GREELEY-WICHITA-
DUNDY-HITCHCOCK-RED WILLOW-
1100 AM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011 /1200 PM CDT SAT JUN 18 2011/

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR EXTREME SOUTHWEST
NEBRASKA...NORTHWEST KANSAS AND EAST CENTRAL COLORADO.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT

THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS THIS AFTERNOON AND
TONIGHT ACROSS THE TRI-STATE AREA. STORMS WILL DEVELOP IN EASTERN
COLORADO DURING THE AFTERNOON AND MOVE EAST INTO KANSAS AND
EXTREME SOUTHWEST NEBRASKA DURING THE AFTERNOON AND EVENING. THE
MAIN THREAT WILL BE DAMAGING WIND AND LARGE HAIL.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SUNDAY THROUGH FRIDAY

THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE TRI-STATE
AREA SUNDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING.  THESE THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING TORNADOES AND LARGE HAIL.

THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE ACROSS PORTIONS OF THE TRI-STATE
AREA NEARLY EVERY DAY THROUGH FRIDAY.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE REQUIRED.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jun 18, 4:14 PM MDT, 22 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
414 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0413 PM     HAIL             9 NNE KIT CARSON        38.88N 102.73W
06/18/2011  E1.00 INCH       CHEYENNE           CO   CO-OP OBSERVER

&&

024

Local storm report, Jun 18, 4:16 PM MDT, 20 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
416 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0412 PM     HAIL             9 N KIT CARSON          38.90N 102.80W
06/18/2011  M1.25 INCH       CHEYENNE           CO   STORM CHASER

&&

024

Local storm report, Jun 18, 4:30 PM MDT, 6 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
430 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0423 PM     FUNNEL CLOUD     10 NNE KIT CARSON       38.89N 102.71W
06/18/2011                   CHEYENNE           CO   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            THROUGH FIRE DEPARTMENT

&&

BAS

Local storm report, Jun 18, 4:31 PM MDT, 5 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
431 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0417 PM     HAIL             9 NNE KIT CARSON        38.88N 102.71W
06/18/2011  E1.50 INCH       CHEYENNE           CO   LAW ENFORCEMENT

&&

BAS

Local storm report, Jun 18, 4:34 PM MDT, 2 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
434 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0429 PM     TORNADO          3 SE KIT CARSON         38.73N 102.76W
06/18/2011                   CHEYENNE           CO   LAW ENFORCEMENT

&&

024

Local storm report, Jun 18, 4:36 PM MDT, 0 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GOODLAND KS
436 PM MDT SAT JUN 18 2011

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0431 PM     TORNADO          9 SE KIT CARSON         38.69N 102.66W
06/18/2011                   CHEYENNE           CO   LAW ENFORCEMENT

&&

024

The office that day

Everything else NWS Goodland, KS issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jun 17, 7:12 PM MDT	Special Weather Statement	GLD	Wallace	33 min
Jun 17, 7:43 PM MDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GLD	Greeley, Logan, Wallace, Wichita	62 min
Jun 17, 8:06 PM MDT	Special Weather Statement	GLD	Greeley	24 min
Jun 17, 8:42 PM MDT	Special Weather Statement	GLD	Wichita	33 min
Jun 18, 4:01 PM MDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	GLD	Cheyenne, Sherman	59 min
Jun 18, 5:39 PM MDT	Special Weather Statement	GLD	Thomas	36 min
Jun 18, 5:54 PM MDT	Special Weather Statement	GLD	Logan	36 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Kansas, 2011 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2011

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.