Alert archive / Alabama / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2011

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 398, NWS Birmingham, AL

August 10, 2011Pickens County, Alabama

NWS Birmingham, AL issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Aug 10, 2011, 4:40 PM CDT for Pickens County, Alabama. It was in force for 50 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Aug 10, 2011, 4:40 PM CDT (21:40 UTC)
Expired: Aug 10, 2011, 5:30 PM CDT
In force: 50 min
Issued by: NWS Birmingham, AL
Area: Storm-based polygon

County Pickens County, AL

The radar

The Columbus AFB radar (KGWX), 67 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 21:42 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Aug 10, 5:25 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Carrollton, AL	TREES DOWN PRACTICALLY ALL OVER THE NORTHERN PORTIONS OF COUNTY. HARD HIT AREA WAS NEAR CARROLLTON ALONG HWY 17

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched one storm report to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 45 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Birmingham, AL (KBMX), launched 12:00Z, 9.7 hours before the alert went out and 119 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 386 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -103 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 912 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 19 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 21 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 77 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.3

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

797 
WUUS54 KBMX 102140
SVRBMX
ALC107-102230-
/O.NEW.KBMX.SV.W.0398.110810T2140Z-110810T2230Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
440 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN BIRMINGHAM HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  PICKENS COUNTY IN WEST CENTRAL ALABAMA...

* UNTIL 530 PM CDT

* AT 439 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE INDICATED A SEVERE
  THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
  DESTRUCTIVE WINDS IN EXCESS OF 80 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR
  NEW HOPE...OR 6 MILES SOUTH OF COLUMBUS...AND MOVING EAST AT 30
  MPH.

* LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  PICKENSVILLE...CARROLLTON...REFORM...GORDO...ETHELSVILLE...
  FOREST...PINE GROVE AND SHAW.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

FOR YOUR PROTECTION...MOVE TO AN INTERIOR ROOM ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF
YOUR HOME OR BUSINESS.

&&

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...
CALL 1-800-856-0758.

LAT...LON 3353 8828 3352 8785 3329 8784 3316 8784
      3312 8793 3322 8831
TIME...MOT...LOC 2140Z 289DEG 28KT 3342 8836

$$

27

1 follow-up statement

326 
WWUS54 KBMX 102204
SVSBMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
504 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

ALC107-102230-
/O.CON.KBMX.SV.W.0398.000000T0000Z-110810T2230Z/
PICKENS AL-
504 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR PICKENS COUNTY
UNTIL 530 PM CDT...

AT 501 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
DESTRUCTIVE WINDS IN EXCESS OF 70 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR
ETHELSVILLE...OR 9 MILES NORTHWEST OF CARROLLTON...MOVING EAST AT 30
MPH.

LOCATIONS IMPACTED INCLUDE...
  CARROLLTON...REFORM...GORDO...OWENS...DILLBURG...NORTH PICKENS
  AIRPORT...LUBBUB AND PIONEER.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...CALL 1-800-856-0758.

LAT...LON 3353 8828 3352 8785 3329 8784 3316 8784
      3312 8793 3322 8831
TIME...MOT...LOC 2204Z 289DEG 28KT 3336 8815

$$

27

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Aug 10, 3:09 PM CDT, 1 hour 31 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Aug 10, 3:09 PM CDT, 1 hour 31 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
ISSUED BY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA
309 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

.DISCUSSION...
FCST LOOKS GOOD SO FAR. CONVECTION DID FIRE ALONG OUTFLOW BOUNDARY
FROM MORNING MCS...BUT MAINLY JUST ONE STRONG TO SVR MULTICELL SO
FAR IN SRN PICKENS COUNTY. GIVEN CURRENT MID LEVEL VERTICAL WIND
SHEAR...EXPECT STRONG TO SVR STORMS TO CONTINUE WITH A LITTLE
INCREASE IN AREAL COVERAGE. 30 POPS STILL SEEM REASONABLE FOR THE
MOST PART BUT WILL CONTINUE TO MONITOR. AS INSTABILITY DECREASES
TONIGHT...EXPECT STORMS TO WEAKEN AND MOSTLY DISSIPATE AROUND
MIDNIGHT. THIS IS CONFIRMED BY RECENT HRRR MODEL RUNS AND 12Z
HIRES WRF RUNS. UNFORTUNATELY...SAME MODELS INDICATING ANOTHER MCS
WILL LIKELY DEVELOP UPSTREAM IN THE MID SOUTH COULD ROLL ON IN
AROUND DAYBREAK OR MID MORNING THURS. FAIR AGREEMENT ON THIS
SCENARIO WITH OTHER OPERATIONAL MODELS... GFS...NAM...SREF MEAN.
SHOULD BE FAIRLY WEAK IN INTENSITY BY THEN BUT WILL NEED TO BOOST
POPS...GOING CLOSER TO NAM MOS AND SREF MEAN...MAV POPS TOO LOW
GIVEN FAIRLY WIDESPREAD GFS AND OTHER QPF OF 0.1-0.25 INCH AMOUNTS
OVER MOST OF CWA ENDING 18Z THURS.

REST OF SHORT TERM FCST PERIOD THROUGH FRI LOOKS MORE LIKE RECENT
PATTERN WITH WEAK NW FLOW ALOFT...STILL MDT-HIGH CAPE BUT A LITTLE
WEAKER VERTICAL WIND SHEAR. MAINLY AFTERNOON/EVENING TSRA. MAV MAX
TEMPS APPEAR TOO WARM AND MIN TEMPS TOO COOL BASED ON RECENT
VERIFICATION AND DRAFT FORECASTS FROM NEARBY OFFICES SO ADJUSTED
THEM ACCORDINGLY.

FOR THE EXTENDED PERIOD...THIS WEEKEND THROUGH MIDDLE OF NEXT
WEEK...APPEARS MAIN FEATURE IS A FAIRLY LARGE SHORT WAVE OVER THE
CENTRAL CONUS ON SAT MOVING INTO THE MID SOUTH ON SUN. MORE
ORGANIZED STORMS LIKELY ON SAT NIGHT OR SUNDAY BEFORE A MILD COOL
DOWN AS TROUGH DEEPENS AND AXIS PASSES US. COULD SEE MAX TEMPS ON
MONDAY IN THE 80S AND MIN TEMPS IN THE 60S IF THIS VERIFIES.
UNFORTUNATELY...INDICATIONS ARE HEIGHTS WILL BUILD RAPIDLY BEHIND
THIS WAVE OVER THE SOUTHERN PLAINS AND MID SOUTH SO BACK TO THE
HEAT WE GO. NO MAJOR CHANGES MADE TO EXTENDED FCST.

SNELSON

&&

.AVIATION...
18Z TAF DISCUSSION.
REMNANTS OF MCS MOVING ACROSS THE MID SOUTH WILL PUSH INTO ALABAMA
LATE THIS AFTERNOON. HAVE INCLUDED CB IN THE TAFS BEGINNING 22Z WEST
THROUGH 00Z EAST/SOUTHEAST. ANY CONVECTION SHOULD DISSIPATE
OVERNIGHT. EXPECT MVFR FOG TO DEVELOP AT MOST SITES WITH CALM WINDS.
MODELS INDICATE ANOTHER MCS MOVING ACROSS THE AREA EARLY THURSDAY...
SO HAVE MADE MINOR ADJUSTMENTS AND STARTED CB AT 12Z TO ACCOUNT FOR
THIS. TIMING STILL UNCERTAIN AS WELL AS POTENTIAL STRENGTH SO NO
ADDITIONAL CHANGES TO THURSDAY TAF AT THIS TIME. WESTERLY WINDS
EXPECTED BUT SOME HINTS AT NORTHEASTERLY WINDS THURSDAY WITH THE MCS
PASSING THROUGH.

TDP

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
GADSDEN     71  95  70  96  71 /  30  50  20  20  20
ANNISTON    70  95  69  96  70 /  30  40  20  20  20
BIRMINGHAM  70  95  69  95  71 /  30  50  20  20  20
TUSCALOOSA  72  96  70  98  71 /  30  50  20  20  20
CALERA      71  94  70  95  71 /  30  40  20  20  20
AUBURN      69  96  69  95  70 /  20  50  20  20  20
MONTGOMERY  75  96  73  97  75 /  30  40  20  20  20
TROY        73  96  72  97  74 /  20  50  10  20  20

&&

.BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NONE.

&&

99

Hazardous weather outlook, Aug 10, 4:30 PM CDT, 10 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
430 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

ALZ011>015-017>050-111045-
MARION-LAMAR-FAYETTE-WINSTON-WALKER-BLOUNT-ETOWAH-CALHOUN-
CHEROKEE-CLEBURNE-PICKENS-TUSCALOOSA-JEFFERSON-SHELBY-ST. CLAIR-
TALLADEGA-CLAY-RANDOLPH-SUMTER-GREENE-HALE-PERRY-BIBB-CHILTON-
COOSA-TALLAPOOSA-CHAMBERS-MARENGO-DALLAS-AUTAUGA-LOWNDES-ELMORE-
MONTGOMERY-MACON-BULLOCK-LEE-RUSSELL-PIKE-BARBOUR-
430 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE COUNTIES SERVED BY THE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN BIRMINGHAM.

.DAY ONE...TONIGHT.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS INCLUDING THE THREAT FOR DAMAGING STRAIGHT LINE
WINDS...SMALL HAIL...AND LOCALLY HEAVY RAINFALL WILL BE POSSIBLE
THROUGH AT LEAST 9 PM.  THE AREA AFFECTED WILL STAY GENERALLY ALONG
AND SOUTHWEST OF A LINE FROM DOUBLE SPRINGS TO BIRMINGHAM TO
WEDOWEE.  AN ADDITIONAL ROUND OF SEVERE WEATHER WILL BE POSSIBLE
CLOSER TO SUNRISE...LASTING THROUGH THE DAY ON THURSDAY.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS MAY CONTINUE INTO THE REST OF CENTRAL ALABAMA
DURING THE DAY THURSDAY. THE HAZARDOUS THREATS INCLUDE DAMAGING
STRAIGHT LINE WIND GUSTS...FREQUENT LIGHTNING AND HEAVY RAIN. THERE
ARE STILL SOME TIMING DIFFERENCES AND THE EXACT TIMING WILL BE
DETERMINED BY UPSTREAM CONVECTION.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT MAY BE
NEEDED ACROSS THE NORTH OVERNIGHT AND INTO THURSDAY.

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Aug 10, 3:17 PM CDT, 1 hour 23 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
317 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

ALZ031>033-102100-
GREENE AL-HALE AL-PERRY AL-
317 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR WESTERN PERRY...HALE AND
SOUTHEASTERN GREENE COUNTIES UNTIL 400 PM CDT...

AT 313 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM NEAR SAWYERVILLE...OR 10 MILES WEST OF GREENSBORO...
MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 15 MPH.

WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM...ALONG WITH
FREQUENT DANGEROUS LIGHTNING.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...
  GREENSBORO...
  DUFFYS BEND...
  GREENSBORO MUNICIPAL AIRPORT...
  NEWBERN...
  CEDARVILLE...

&&

LAT...LON 3290 8771 3270 8728 3245 8750 3246 8753
      3248 8753 3248 8756 3268 8790
TIME...MOT...LOC 2018Z 301DEG 15KT 3271 8774

27

Special weather statement, Aug 10, 3:33 PM CDT, 1 hour 7 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
333 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

ALZ023-034-102115-
BIBB AL-TUSCALOOSA AL-
333 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR SOUTHEASTERN TUSCALOOSA AND
WESTERN BIBB COUNTIES UNTIL 415 PM CDT...

AT 331 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM 6 MILES SOUTHWEST OF COALING...OR 12 MILES SOUTHEAST OF
HOLT...MOVING EAST AT 25 MPH.

WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM...ALONG WITH
FREQUENT DANGEROUS LIGHTNING.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...
  BRENT...
  CENTREVILLE...
  LOW GAP...
  COALING...
  BEVILLE LOCK AND DAM...

&&

LAT...LON 3322 8754 3321 8702 3289 8704 3298 8742
      3300 8742 3300 8752 3301 8754
TIME...MOT...LOC 2033Z 282DEG 23KT 3309 8739

27

Special weather statement, Aug 10, 3:52 PM CDT, 48 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
352 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

ALZ042-102130-
LOWNDES AL-
352 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR LOWNDES COUNTY UNTIL 430 PM
CDT...

AT 349 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM NEAR BENTON...OR 11 MILES NORTHWEST OF MOSSES...MOVING
SOUTHEAST AT 20 MPH.

WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM...ALONG WITH
FREQUENT DANGEROUS LIGHTNING.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...
  MOSSES...
  HAYNEVILLE...
  FORT DEPOSIT...
  WHITE HALL...
  LOWNDESBORO...

&&

LAT...LON 3222 8687 3223 8681 3228 8686 3231 8683
      3231 8685 3233 8684 3234 8682 3230 8681
      3232 8678 3240 8678 3240 8673 3236 8671
      3235 8665 3220 8641 3199 8642 3197 8669
TIME...MOT...LOC 2052Z 319DEG 16KT 3229 8677

27

Special weather statement, Aug 10, 4:12 PM CDT, 28 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
412 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

ALZ040-102200-
DALLAS AL-
412 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR DALLAS COUNTY UNTIL 500 PM CDT...

AT 407 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM 5 MILES WEST OF POTTER STATION...OR 10 MILES WEST OF
SELMA...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 15 MPH.

WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...
  SELMA...
  SELMONT-WEST SELMONT...
  POTTER STATION...
  DALLAS COUNTY HORSE ARENA...
  MEMORIAL STADIUM...

&&

LAT...LON 3214 8707 3242 8733 3249 8726 3249 8711
      3251 8710 3251 8709 3238 8683
TIME...MOT...LOC 2112Z 308DEG 13KT 3243 8718

27

Special weather statement, Aug 10, 4:18 PM CDT, 22 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
418 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

ALZ035-040-041-102200-
AUTAUGA AL-CHILTON AL-DALLAS AL-
418 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR WESTERN AUTAUGA...NORTHEASTERN
DALLAS AND SOUTHWESTERN CHILTON COUNTIES UNTIL 500 PM CDT...

AT 417 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM NEAR PARNELL...OR 13 MILES NORTH OF VALLEY GRANDE...
MOVING SOUTH AT 10 MPH.

WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM...ALONG WITH
FREQUENT DANGEROUS LIGHTNING.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...
  VALLEY GRANDE...
  PARNELL...
  PLECHER...
  PAUL M GRIST STATE PARK...
  BURNSVILLE...

&&

LAT...LON 3243 8697 3265 8704 3267 8703 3268 8704
      3274 8701 3278 8701 3282 8687 3256 8663
TIME...MOT...LOC 2119Z 340DEG 10KT 3270 8694

27

Special weather statement, Aug 10, 4:34 PM CDT, 6 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
434 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

ALZ012-022-102215-
LAMAR AL-PICKENS AL-
434 PM CDT WED AUG 10 2011

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR PICKENS AND SOUTHERN LAMAR
COUNTIES UNTIL 515 PM CDT...

AT 428 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WAS TRACKING STRONG
THUNDERSTORMS ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM 5 MILES NORTHWEST OF
COLUMBUS AFB TO 16 MILES WEST OF PICKENSVILLE...AND MOVING SOUTHEAST
AT 30 MPH.

WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THESE STORMS.

LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THESE STORMS INCLUDE...
  PICKENSVILLE...
  VERNON...
  ALICEVILLE...
  MILLPORT...
  CARROLLTON...

&&

LAT...LON 3384 8824 3384 8795 3333 8795 3306 8802
      3306 8803 3304 8805 3305 8807 3304 8808
      3304 8814 3302 8814 3299 8818 3300 8833
      3302 8835
TIME...MOT...LOC 2134Z 295DEG 26KT 3368 8844 3325 8850

27

The office that day

Everything else NWS Birmingham, AL issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Aug 10, 2:10 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Greene, Pickens	50 min
Aug 10, 3:10 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Bibb, Hale, Perry	50 min
Aug 10, 3:17 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Hale	43 min
Aug 10, 3:33 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Bibb	42 min
Aug 10, 3:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Perry	48 min
Aug 10, 3:52 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Lowndes	38 min
Aug 10, 4:08 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	BMX	Lamar	57 min
Aug 10, 4:12 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Dallas	48 min
Aug 10, 4:18 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Autauga	42 min
Aug 10, 4:23 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Dallas	52 min
Aug 10, 4:34 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Lamar, Pickens	41 min
Aug 10, 5:02 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Greene, Pickens, Sumter	43 min
Aug 10, 5:21 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Montgomery	39 min
Aug 10, 5:43 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Greene	47 min
Aug 10, 6:20 PM CDT	Special Weather Statement	BMX	Sumter	40 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Alabama, 2011 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2011

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.