Alert archive / Texas / Tornado Warnings in 2009

Tornado Warning 83, NWS Shreveport, LA

October 29, 2009Harrison County, Panola County, Texas

NWS Shreveport, LA issued this tornado warning at Oct 29, 2009, 4:49 PM CDT for Harrison County, Panola County, Texas. It was in force for 41 min. 1 report came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Oct 29, 2009, 4:49 PM CDT (21:49 UTC)
Expired: Oct 29, 2009, 5:30 PM CDT
In force: 41 min
Issued by: NWS Shreveport, LA
Area: Storm-based polygon

Counties Harrison County, TX, Panola County, TX

The radar

The Shreveport radar (KSHV), 36 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 21:51 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Oct 29, 4:55 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Carthage, TX	TREES DOWN IN CARTHAGE.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this tornado warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Oct 29, 1:14 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	8 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Shreveport, LA (KSHV), launched 12:00Z, 9.8 hours before the alert went out and 46 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 387 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -88 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 453 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 35 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 350 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 422 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 2.7

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WFUS54 KSHV 292149
TORSHV
TXC203-365-292230-
/O.NEW.KSHV.TO.W.0083.091029T2149Z-091029T2230Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
449 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN SHREVEPORT HAS ISSUED A

* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
  SOUTHEASTERN HARRISON COUNTY IN NORTHEAST TEXAS...
  PANOLA COUNTY IN NORTHEAST TEXAS...
  THIS INCLUDES THE CITY OF CARTHAGE...

* UNTIL 530 PM CDT

* AT 449 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS DETECTED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A TORNADO NEAR CARTHAGE...
  MOVING NORTHEAST AT 40 MPH.

* OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO
  DEBERRY...ELYSIAN FIELDS AND WASKOM...

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

IF IN MOBILE HOMES OR VEHICLES...EVACUATE THEM AND GET INSIDE A
STURDY SHELTER. IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...LIE FLAT IN THE NEAREST
DITCH OR OTHER LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD WITH YOUR HANDS.

HEAVY RAINFALL MAY OBSCURE THIS TORNADO. TAKE COVER NOW IF YOU WAIT
TO SEE OR HEAR IT COMING...IT MAY BE TOO LATE TO GET TO A SAFE PLACE.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 600 PM CDT THURSDAY EVENING
FOR SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA AND NORTHEAST TEXAS. A TORNADO WATCH ALSO
REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 900 PM CDT THURSDAY EVENING FOR SOUTHWESTERN
ARKANSAS AND NORTHWESTERN LOUISIANA AND NORTHEASTERN TEXAS.

&&

LAT...LON 3259 9421 3248 9405 3228 9404 3206 9432
      3212 9444
TIME...MOT...LOC 2149Z 210DEG 36KT 3213 9434

$$

13

2 follow-up statements

000 
WWUS54 KSHV 292204
SVSSHV

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
504 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

TXC203-365-292230-
/O.CON.KSHV.TO.W.0083.000000T0000Z-091029T2230Z/
HARRISON TX-PANOLA TX-
504 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

...A TORNADO WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 530 PM CDT FOR PANOLA
AND HARRISON COUNTIES...

AT 504 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS CONTINUED TO
TRACK A TORNADO.  THIS TORNADO WAS LOCATED 7 MILES SOUTHWEST OF
DEBERRY...OR 7 MILES NORTHEAST OF CARTHAGE...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 35
MPH.

OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO
MIDYETT...ELYSIAN FIELDS AND WASKOM

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 600 PM CDT THURSDAY EVENING
FOR SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA AND NORTHEAST TEXAS. A TORNADO WATCH ALSO
REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 900 PM CDT THURSDAY EVENING FOR SOUTHWESTERN
ARKANSAS AND NORTHWESTERN LOUISIANA AND NORTHEASTERN TEXAS.

&&

LAT...LON 3216 9423 3221 9438 3259 9421 3248 9405
      3228 9404
TIME...MOT...LOC 2204Z 214DEG 27KT 3223 9425

$$

13

000 
WWUS54 KSHV 292217
SVSSHV

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
517 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

TXC203-365-292230-
/O.CON.KSHV.TO.W.0083.000000T0000Z-091029T2230Z/
HARRISON TX-PANOLA TX-
517 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

...A TORNADO WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 530 PM CDT FOR PANOLA
AND HARRISON COUNTIES...

AT 517 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE METEOROLOGISTS CONTINUED TO
TRACK A TORNADO.  THIS TORNADO WAS LOCATED NEAR ELYSIAN FIELDS...OR
14 MILES SOUTHEAST OF MARSHALL...MOVING NORTH AT 35 MPH.

OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO WASKOM

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 600 PM CDT THURSDAY EVENING
FOR SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA AND NORTHEAST TEXAS. A TORNADO WATCH ALSO
REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 900 PM CDT THURSDAY EVENING FOR SOUTHWESTERN
ARKANSAS AND NORTHWESTERN LOUISIANA AND NORTHEASTERN TEXAS.

&&

LAT...LON 3240 9405 3231 9415 3235 9431 3259 9421
      3248 9405
TIME...MOT...LOC 2217Z 197DEG 32KT 3238 9421

$$

13

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this tornado warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Shreveport, LA wrote its last area forecast discussion before this tornado warning went out at Oct 29, 2:10 PM CDT, 2 hours 39 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Oct 29, 2:10 PM CDT, 2 hours 39 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
210 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

.DISCUSSION...
SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS EXPECTED TO BECOME
WIDESPREAD OVERNIGHT...AS LEADING EDGE OF ILL DEFINED FRONTAL
SQUALL LINE EAST OF FTW METRO AREA...AND PREFRONTAL FEEDER LINES
HAVE DEVELOPED INTO DEEP CONVECTION. TORNADIC THREAT HAS BEEN
INCREASING IN THIS HIGHLY LOW LVL SHEARED ENVIRONMENT. CELL
TRAINING SOUTH TO NORTH PRODUCING A QUICK INCH OR TWO OF RAIN MAY
CAUSE MINOR FLOODING. THIS SQUALL LINE HAS BEEN CONSISTENTLY
PROGGED TO ORGANISE INTO A SOLID LINE AFTER 0Z...AS WELL AS SLOW
ITS EASTWARD PROGRESSION. THUS...THREAT OF EXTREMELY HEAVY RAIN
FOR AT LEAST SOME PORTION OF NORTHERN LA...IF NOT MUCH OF THE
CWA...STILL VALID. TAPERED OFF POPS GRADUALLY BEHIND FRONT...BUT
AS STRONG SOUTHERLY FLOW WILL CONTINUE TO OVERLAY SFC
FRONT...UNTIL PASSAGE OF 850 TROF...CONSIDERABLE POST FRONTAL RAIN
EXPECTED. RAIN WILL END FRIDAY NIGHT WESTERN PORTIONS OF CWA...AND
NO WX BY SAT AFTN. COLD AIR BEHIND THIS SYSTEM WILL BE DEEP...BUT
NOT EXTREME. EXTENDED TO BE DRY AND PERHAPS FAIRLY LEAN ON CLOUD
COVER...WITH SEASONALLY COOL TEMPS./VII/

&&

.AVIATION...

MVFR CEILINGS ARE BEING OBSERVED ACROSS THE AREA THIS
AFTERNOON...HOWEVER TEMPO IFR CONDITIONS ARE BEING OBSERVED WITH
TSRA ACTIVITY. GUSTY WINDS OF 20 TO 30 MPH ARE BEING OBSERVED AHEAD
OF A COLD FRONT...NOW LOCATED JUST EAST OF A MC ALESTER OK...TERRELL
TX LINE. THE COLD FRONT WILL PROGRESS THROUGH THE AREA
TONIGHT...SHIFTING WINDS TO A WESTERLY COMPONENT AFTER FROPA.
SHRA/TSRA ACTIVITY WILL REMAIN COMMON IN THE 00Z TAF
PERIOD...ESPECIALLY AS THE FRONT WILL INITIATE MORE CONVECTION
ACROSS THE AREA. /11/

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
SHV  58  60  47  69  47 / 100  80  40  10  10
MLU  64  65  48  65  47 / 100 100  60  30  10
DEQ  57  58  42  64  43 / 100  60  20  10  10
TXK  57  60  45  64  48 / 100  80  40  10  10
ELD  58  60  45  64  43 / 100  80  40  10  10
TYR  55  58  45  68  49 / 100  60  20  10  10
GGG  57  59  44  68  45 / 100  80  40  10  10
LFK  59  63  45  71  46 / 100  80  40  10  10

&&

.SHV WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
AR...LAKE WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 7 PM CDT THIS EVENING FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: ARZ050-059-070.

     FLASH FLOOD WATCH THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: ARZ050-051-059>061-070>073.

LA...LAKE WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 7 PM CDT THIS EVENING FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: LAZ001-002-010-011-017-018.

     FLASH FLOOD WATCH THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: LAZ001>006-010>014-017>022.

OK...LAKE WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 7 PM CDT THIS EVENING FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: OKZ077.

     FLASH FLOOD WATCH THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: OKZ077.

TX...LAKE WIND ADVISORY UNTIL 7 PM CDT THIS EVENING FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: TXZ096-097-108>112-124>126-136>138-149>153-165>167.

     FLASH FLOOD WATCH THROUGH FRIDAY MORNING FOR THE FOLLOWING
     ZONES: TXZ096-097-108>112-124>126-136>138-149>153-165>167.

&&

Hazardous weather outlook, Oct 29, 11:56 AM CDT, 4 hours 53 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
1156 AM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

ARZ050-051-059>061-070>073-LAZ001>006-010>014-017>022-OKZ077-
TXZ096-097-108>112-124>126-136>138-149>153-165>167-301700-
SEVIER-HOWARD-LITTLE RIVER-HEMPSTEAD-NEVADA-MILLER-LAFAYETTE-
COLUMBIA-UNION AR-CADDO-BOSSIER-WEBSTER-CLAIBORNE-LINCOLN-
UNION LA-DE SOTO-RED RIVER-BIENVILLE-JACKSON-OUACHITA-SABINE LA-
NATCHITOCHES-WINN-GRANT-CALDWELL-LA SALLE-MCCURTAIN-BOWIE-
FRANKLIN-TITUS-CAMP-MORRIS-CASS-WOOD-UPSHUR-MARION-SMITH-GREGG-
HARRISON-CHEROKEE-RUSK-PANOLA-NACOGDOCHES-SHELBY-ANGELINA-
SAN AUGUSTINE-SABINE TX-
1156 AM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTH CENTRAL
ARKANSAS...SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS...NORTH CENTRAL LOUISIANA...
NORTHWEST LOUISIANA...SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA...EAST TEXAS AND
NORTHEAST TEXAS.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT...

AN UPPER LEVEL DISTURBANCE...COMBINED WITH A SLOW MOVING SURFACE
COLD FRONT AND RICH LOW LEVEL MOISTURE...WILL PROVIDE FOR
WIDESPREAD SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS TODAY AND TONIGHT. SOME OF
THESE STORMS WILL BE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HEAVY RAINFALL...DAMAGING
WINDS...AND ISOLATED TORNADOES. FLOODING WILL BE A SIGNIFICANT
CONCERN WITH RAINFALL TOTALS AVERAGING AROUND 3 TO 6 INCHES
AREAWIDE...INCLUDING ISOLATED AMOUNTS OF UP TO 7 INCHES POSSIBLE
THROUGH FRIDAY. THE MOST LIKELY LOCATING FOR THE HIGHEST RAINGALL
TOTALS WIL BE ACROSS NORTHWEST LOUISIANA.

ALTHOUGH THERE WILL BE A POTENTIAL FOR BOTH SEVERE WEATHER AND
FLOODING THIS AFTERNOON AND OVERNIGHT...THE MAIN TORNADIC THREAT
WITH BE WITH THE PREFRONTAL STORMS THIS AFTERNOON...ESPECIALLY
ACROSS NORTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA...IN ASSOCIATION
WITH STORMS THAT ARE CURRENTLY STILL DEVELOPING. THE MAIN THREAT
FOR SIGNIFICANT FLOODING WILL BE TONIGHT...AS WELL AS POSSIBLE
STRONG TO DAMAGING STRAIGHT LINE WINDS ASSOCIATED WITH A SLOW
MOVING SQUALL LINE ENTERING NORTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA
DURING THE EVENING FROM THE WEST.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...FRIDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY...

HEAVY RAIN WILL LINGER INTO MUCH OF THE DAY FRIDAY...WITH A
CONTINUED FLOODING THREAT.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...
ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS WILL LIKELY BE REQUIRED THIS
AFTERNOON AND EVENING. LOCAL FLOODING ALSO POSSIBLE THIS
AFTERNOON...BECOMING MORE LIKELY AREAWIDE TONIGHT AND FRIDAY.
EMERGENCY MANAGERS NEED TO PREPARE FOR POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANT FLOODING.

VII

In the hours before

Local storm report, Oct 29, 1:40 PM CDT, 3 hours 9 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
140 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0101 PM     TSTM WND DMG     BOSSIER CITY            32.52N 93.66W
10/29/2009                   BOSSIER            LA   AMATEUR RADIO

            TREES ACROSS I-20 AT MILE MARKER 30

&&

12

Local storm report, Oct 29, 3:29 PM CDT, 1 hour 20 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
329 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0315 PM     TSTM WND DMG     5 W SMACKOVER           33.36N 92.82W
10/29/2009                   UNION              AR   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            TREES BLOWN DOWN.

&&

STEVENS

Local storm report, Oct 29, 3:33 PM CDT, 1 hour 16 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
333 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0259 PM     TSTM WND DMG     1 SE EL DORADO          33.21N 92.65W
10/29/2009                   UNION              AR   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            TREES AND POWER LINES DOWN AT INTERSECTION OF HWY 57 AND
            HWY 82.

&&

STEVENS

Local storm report, Oct 29, 4:02 PM CDT, 47 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
402 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0310 PM     TSTM WND DMG     8 W EL DORADO           33.22N 92.80W
10/29/2009                   UNION              AR   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            SEVERAL CHICKEN HOUSES DAMAGED.

&&

STEVENS

Local storm report, Oct 29, 4:39 PM CDT, 10 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
439 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0400 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MAGNOLIA                33.27N 93.24W
10/29/2009                   COLUMBIA           AR   EMERGENCY MNGR

            TREES DOWN ACROSS THE CITY WITH ROADS CLOSED.

0230 PM     TSTM WND DMG     MAGNOLIA                33.27N 93.24W
10/29/2009                   COLUMBIA           AR   EMERGENCY MNGR

            TREES DOWN WITH ROADS CLOSED.

&&

12

Local storm report, Oct 29, 4:40 PM CDT, 9 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA
440 PM CDT THU OCT 29 2009

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0300 PM     FLASH FLOOD      MAGNOLIA                33.27N 93.24W
10/29/2009                   COLUMBIA           AR   AIRPLANE PILOT

            ROADS CLOSED IN TOWN. ROADS CLOSED OUT IN THE COUNTY DUE
            TO FLOODING

&&

12

The office that day

Everything else NWS Shreveport, LA issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Oct 29, 3:41 AM CDT	Lake Wind Advisory	SHV	Angelina, Bowie, Camp, Cass, Cherokee, Franklin and 15 more	15 hr
Oct 29, 2:19 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	SHV	Harrison, Panola	26 min
Oct 29, 2:28 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	SHV	Panola	13 min
Oct 29, 3:24 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	SHV	Harrison, Panola, Shelby	51 min
Oct 29, 4:10 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	SHV	Angelina, Nacogdoches	50 min
Oct 29, 4:28 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	SHV	Angelina, Nacogdoches, San Augustine, Shelby	47 min
Oct 29, 4:32 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	SHV	Panola, Shelby	28 min
Oct 29, 5:03 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	SHV	Harrison, Panola, Shelby	4 hr
Oct 29, 5:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	SHV	Nacogdoches, Panola, Shelby	46 min
Oct 29, 5:15 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	SHV	Angelina, Nacogdoches, Rusk	4 hr
Oct 29, 5:27 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	SHV	Cass, Harrison, Marion	48 min
Oct 29, 5:55 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	SHV	Bowie, Camp, Cass, Gregg, Harrison, Marion and 2 more	65 min
Oct 29, 5:58 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	SHV	Harrison, Panola, Shelby	47 min
Oct 29, 6:16 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning Emergency	SHV	Shelby	3 hr
Oct 29, 6:41 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	SHV	Bowie, Cass	34 min

Nearby

Tornado Warnings in Texas, 2009 Every tornado warning in 2009 Tornadoes in 2009

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.