Alert archive / Iowa / Tornado Warnings in 2008

Tornado Warning 122, NWS Des Moines, IA

July 27, 2008Boone County, Polk County, Story County, Iowa

NWS Des Moines, IA issued this tornado warning at Jul 27, 2008, 4:11 PM CDT for Boone County, Polk County, Story County, Iowa. It was in force for 34 min. 19 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jul 27, 2008, 4:11 PM CDT (21:11 UTC)
Expired: Jul 27, 2008, 4:45 PM CDT
In force: 34 min
Issued by: NWS Des Moines, IA
Area: Storm-based polygon

Counties Boone County, IA, Polk County, IA, Story County, IA

The radar

The Des Moines radar (KDMX), 10 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 21:12 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jul 27, 4:15 PM CDT	TSTM WND GST 82	4 Ese Boone Airport, IA
Jul 27, 4:23 PM CDT	TSTM WND GST 65	Sheldahl, IA
Jul 27, 4:24 PM CDT	TSTM WND GST 60	2 N Luther, IA
Jul 27, 4:25 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Polk City, IA	SEVERAL 10 INCH DIAMETER TREELIMBS DOWN.
Jul 27, 4:29 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Madrid, IA	STRUCTURAL DAMAGE NEAR INTERSECTION OF 320TH AND VIOLET...310TH AND UNICORN.
Jul 27, 4:30 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Alleman, IA	POWER LINES DOWN...TREES DOWN...ROADS BLOCKED FROM TREES ACROSS THE ROADS.
Jul 27, 4:30 PM CDT	TSTM WND GST 70	Huxley, IA	CONSIDERABLE TREE DAMAGE.
Jul 27, 4:34 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Alleman, IA	NUMEROUS LARGE TREES DOWN. TREES DOWN ON CARS. SHINGLES OFF ROOFS.
Jul 27, 4:34 PM CDT	TORNADO	1 N Elkhart, IA	BRIEF TOUCHDOWN HAS NOW LIFTED. VERY HEAVY RAIN
Jul 27, 4:35 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	5 N Ankeny Airport, IA	SEVERAL POWER POLES DOWN.
Jul 27, 4:35 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	6 Nw Ankeny Airport, IA	SEVERAL POWER POLES DOWN.
Jul 27, 4:35 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Slater, IA	12-24 INCH TREES DOWN. POWER OUT IN TOWN.
Jul 27, 4:37 PM CDT	TSTM WND GST 60	Johnston, IA
Jul 27, 4:40 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Elkhart, IA	NUMEROUS LARGE TREES DOWN.
Jul 27, 4:42 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	3 E Ankeny Airport, IA	3 MOBILE HOMES UNITS DAMAGE...ALL THREE WITH ROOF DAMAGE AND ONE WITH DAMAGE TO WALL. IN ADDITION...SEVERAL TREES DOWN.
Jul 27, 4:43 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Polk City, IA	10 INCH DIAMETER TREES DOWN.
Jul 27, 4:45 PM CDT	TORNADO	6 Ne Ankeny, IA	NUMEROUS TREES DOWN. HOUSE DAMAGE WITH PART OF HOUSE IN THE TREES. SEVERAL SIGNS BLOWN DOWN.
Jul 27, 4:48 PM CDT	TSTM WND GST 0	4 N Bondurant, IA	TREES DOWN WITH ESTIMATED 60 MPH WINDS.
Jul 27, 4:55 PM CDT	TSTM WND DMG	Elkhart, IA	8-12 INCH DIAMETER TREES DOWN WEST OF ELKHART ON NE 126TH AVE.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 2 storm reports to this tornado warning; the first came 23 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jul 27, 2:29 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	8 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Omaha, NE (KOAX), launched 12:00Z, 9.2 hours before the alert went out and 229 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 1027 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -226 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1128 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 32 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 65 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 105 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.5

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WFUS53 KDMX 272111
TORDMX
IAC015-153-169-272145-
/O.NEW.KDMX.TO.W.0122.080727T2111Z-080727T2145Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
411 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN DES MOINES HAS ISSUED A

* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
  SOUTHEASTERN BOONE COUNTY IN CENTRAL IOWA...
  NORTHERN POLK COUNTY IN CENTRAL IOWA...
  SOUTHWESTERN STORY COUNTY IN CENTRAL IOWA...

* UNTIL 445 PM CDT.

* AT 408 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A TORNADO NEAR LUTHER...OR
  31 MILES NORTH OF DES MOINES...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 46 MPH.

* THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
  MADRID BY 415 PM CDT...
  SLATER AND KELLEY BY 420 PM CDT...
  SHELDAHL AND HUXLEY BY 425 PM CDT...
  ALLEMAN AND POLK CITY BY 430 PM CDT...
  ELKHART AND ANKENY BY 435 PM CDT...
  ANKENY AIRPORT BY 440 PM CDT...

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 80 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 133 AND 137.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 35 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 88 AND 105.

THIS IS A HAZARDOUS SITUATION. SEEK SHELTER IN A BASEMENT...OR IN AN
INTERIOR ROOM. STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS. IF YOU ARE OUTSIDE OR IN A
CAR...SEEK SHELTER IN A REINFORCED BUILDING.

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT
SUNDAY EVENING FOR IOWA.

LAT...LON 4162 9364 4183 9383 4186 9382 4186 9385
      4198 9395 4207 9382 4177 9335 4176 9335
TIME...MOT...LOC 2111Z 317DEG 40KT 4197 9381

$$

LEE

1 follow-up statement

000 
WWUS53 KDMX 272123
SVSDMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
423 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

IAC015-153-169-272145-
/O.CON.KDMX.TO.W.0122.000000T0000Z-080727T2145Z/
BOONE IA-STORY IA-POLK IA-
423 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

...A TORNADO WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 445 PM CDT FOR NORTHERN
POLK...SOUTHWESTERN STORY AND SOUTHEASTERN BOONE COUNTIES...

AT 421 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A TORNADO.  THIS TORNADO WAS LOCATED NEAR SHELDAHL...OR 20
MILES NORTH OF DES MOINES...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 50 MPH.

THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
  ALLEMAN BY 430 PM CDT...
  ANKENY...ANKENY AIRPORT...ELKHART AND SAYLORVILLE BY 435 PM CDT...

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 80 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 133 AND 137.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 35 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 88 AND 104.

SEEK SHELTER IN A BASEMENT...OR IN AN INTERIOR ROOM. STAY AWAY FROM
WINDOWS. IF YOU ARE IN A CAR OR OUTSIDE...SEEK SHELTER IN A
REINFORCED BUILDING.

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1000 PM CDT
SUNDAY EVENING FOR IOWA.

LAT...LON 4163 9361 4162 9364 4183 9382 4186 9382
      4186 9385 4188 9387 4198 9371 4177 9335
      4176 9335
TIME...MOT...LOC 2123Z 318DEG 43KT 4185 9368

$$

LEE

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this tornado warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Des Moines, IA wrote its last area forecast discussion before this tornado warning went out at Jul 27, 3:28 PM CDT, 43 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 27, 3:28 PM CDT, 43 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
328 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

.DISCUSSION...
WILL KEEP DISCUSSION BRIEF TODAY WITH ONGOING ACTIVE WEATHER. STRONG
TO SEVERE STORMS CURRENTLY FIRING ALONG CONVECTIVE OUTFLOW IN
NORTHERN IOWA AND WILL KEEP PROGRESSING SOUTHWARD INTO CENTRAL AND
SOUTHERN IOWA THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON/EVENING. SEVERE THUNDERSTORM
WATCH CONTINUES FOR MOST OF THE CWA UNTIL 10 PM. ALREADY GETTING
SIGNIFICANT STRAIGHT LINE WIND REPORTS...CAN/T RULE OUT ISOLATED TOR
THREAT INVOF BOUNDARY FOR THE NEXT SEVERAL HOURS. SOME QUESTION
ABOUT CONVECTIVE EVOLUTION BEYOND THE FIRST SHOT...AS THE GFS/ECMWF
BOTH SUGGESTING ADDITIONAL MCS POTENTIAL ESPECIALLY EASTERN HALF
LATE TONIGHT. WILL HAVE TO WATCH HEAVY RAIN THREAT CLOSELY AS
CONVECTION MOVES INTO SOUTHERN IOWA...AREAS THAT CANNOT TAKE MUCH
ADDITIONAL RAIN BEFORE FLASH FLOODING OCCURS. NO FLASH FLOOD WATCH
PLANNED AT THIS TIME WITH UNCERTAINTY ABOUT AMOUNTS/LOCATION...BUT
MAY HAVE TO ISSUE LATER ONCE EVENT SHOWS ITS HAND.

BEYOND THE OVERNIGHT...SIGNIFICANT HEAVY RAIN/SVR WEATHER AGAIN
EXPECTED MONDAY NIGHT INTO TUESDAY AS DOLLY MOISTURE REMNANTS BEGIN
TO IMPACT THE REGION. ACTIVE WEATHER LIKELY TO CONTINUE LATE
WEDNESDAY INTO THURSDAY WITH NEXT SHORT WAVE TOPPING THE RIDGE
FOLLOWED BY UPPER RIDGING AND MAINLY DRY AND HOT WEATHER FROM FRIDAY
THROUGH SUNDAY.

&&

.AVIATION...27/18Z
CURRENT CONVECTIVE COMPLEX OVER NRN IA WILL CONTINUE MOVING ESE
EARLY THIS AFTERNOON. THE FORECAST BEYOND THE NEXT FEW HOURS IS
STILL UNCERTAIN AS FAR AS EXACTLY WHERE ADDITIONAL STORMS WILL
DEVELOP. THUNDERSTORMS MAY DEVELOP DURING PEAK HEATING ALONG AND
SOUTH OF HWY 30...AND/OR REDEVELOP ACROSS NRN IA OVERNIGHT...OR
BOTH. THIS UNCERTAINTY IN TIMING...AS WELL AS LOCATION...HAS LEAD TO
NO MENTION OF THUNDER BEYOND DEALING WITH STORMS THAT ARE ONGOING.
HAVE INCLUDED CB WORDING AFTER 00Z WITH FURTHER DETAILS ADDED ONCE
TIMING AND LOCATION BECOMES MORE CLEAR RATHER THAN ADDING THUNDER
FOR PROLONGED PERIODS WITH LOW CONFIDENCE.

&&

.DMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH IN
EFFECT UNTIL 10 PM FOR ENTIRE CWA EXCEPT NORTHERN 2 TIERS OF
COUNTIES.

&&

AVIATION...MOYER
PUBLIC...KINNEY

Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 27, 5:11 AM CDT, 11 hours before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
511 AM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

IAZ004>007-015>017-023>028-033>039-044>050-057>062-070>075-
081>086-092>097-281000-
EMMET-KOSSUTH-WINNEBAGO-WORTH-PALO ALTO-HANCOCK-CERRO GORDO-
POCAHONTAS-HUMBOLDT-WRIGHT-FRANKLIN-BUTLER-BREMER-SAC-CALHOUN-
WEBSTER-HAMILTON-HARDIN-GRUNDY-BLACK HAWK-CRAWFORD-CARROLL-GREENE-
BOONE-STORY-MARSHALL-TAMA-AUDUBON-GUTHRIE-DALLAS-POLK-JASPER-
POWESHIEK-CASS-ADAIR-MADISON-WARREN-MARION-MAHASKA-ADAMS-UNION-
CLARKE-LUCAS-MONROE-WAPELLO-TAYLOR-RINGGOLD-DECATUR-WAYNE-
APPANOOSE-DAVIS-
511 AM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF CENTRAL IOWA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

THERE IS A CHANCE FOR THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE AREA TODAY INTO
TONIGHT. THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR SEVERE STORMS WITH ANY
THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY MAINLY THIS AFTERNOON INTO TONIGHT. THE THREAT
OF AN ISOLATED TORNADO CANNOT BE COMPLETELY RULED OUT...THE MAIN
THREATS FOR SEVERE WEATHER WILL BE LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAY

THERE ARE VARIABLE CHANCES FOR THUNDERSTORMS THROUGHOUT MANY OF
THE NEXT 7 DAYS. AT THIS TIME THE GREATER CHANCES FOR
THUNDERSTORMS LOOK TO BE LATE MONDAY NIGHT...AND AGAIN TUESDAY.
CURRENTLY THE AREA IS IN A SLIGHT RISK FOR SEVERE WEATHER AGAIN
MONDAY NIGHT....WITH THE CHANCES FOR SEVERE WEATHER UNCERTAIN AT
THIS TIME FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE WEEK.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED THIS AFTERNOON INTO THIS EVENING.

ALBRECHT

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jul 27, 3:29 PM CDT, 42 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
329 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0328 PM     TSTM WND DMG     FORT DODGE              42.51N 94.18W
07/27/2008                   WEBSTER            IA   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            NUMEROUS TREES DOWN.

&&

RUSSELL

Local storm report, Jul 27, 3:43 PM CDT, 28 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
343 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0337 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SW HARCOURT             42.26N 94.18W
07/27/2008                   WEBSTER            IA   TRAINED SPOTTER

            TWO TREES DOWN IN PARK ACROSS STREET. SPOTTER ESTIMATED
            WINDS AT 60 TO 70 MPH.

&&

BMOYER

Local storm report, Jul 27, 3:52 PM CDT, 19 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
352 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0335 PM     TSTM WND DMG     HARCOURT                42.26N 94.18W
07/27/2008                   WEBSTER            IA   TRAINED SPOTTER

            TWO TREES DOWN IN TOWN.

&&

RUSSELL

Local storm report, Jul 27, 4:08 PM CDT, 3 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
408 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0402 PM     TSTM WND DMG     OGDEN                   42.04N 94.03W
07/27/2008                   BOONE              IA   LAW ENFORCEMENT

            NUMEROUS TREES DOWN AND A GRAIN ELEVATOR BLOWN OVER.

&&

BMOYER

Local storm report, Jul 27, 4:09 PM CDT, 2 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
409 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0350 PM     TSTM WND GST     BEAMAN                  42.22N 92.82W
07/27/2008  E60 MPH          GRUNDY             IA   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

MS JUL 08

Local storm report, Jul 27, 4:10 PM CDT, 1 minute before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
410 PM CDT SUN JUL 27 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0350 PM     TSTM WND GST     BEAMAN                  42.22N 92.82W
07/27/2008  E60 MPH          GRUNDY             IA   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

BF

The office that day

Everything else NWS Des Moines, IA issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jul 27, 12:18 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Palo Alto	42 min
Jul 27, 1:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Cerro Gordo, Franklin	46 min
Jul 27, 2:12 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Butler	48 min
Jul 27, 2:49 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Calhoun, Humboldt, Pocahontas, Webster	41 min
Jul 27, 3:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Boone, Greene, Hamilton, Story, Webster	47 min
Jul 27, 3:46 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Grundy, Hardin, Marshall, Tama	44 min
Jul 27, 4:07 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Boone, Dallas, Polk, Story	38 min
Jul 27, 4:30 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Boone, Dallas, Jasper, Marion, Polk, Story and 1 more	45 min
Jul 27, 4:31 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Clarke, Madison, Union, Warren	44 min
Jul 27, 4:43 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	DMX	Jasper, Polk	32 min
Jul 27, 4:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Jasper, Mahaska, Marion, Polk, Poweshiek	40 min
Jul 27, 4:57 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Clarke, Lucas, Warren	48 min
Jul 27, 5:09 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	DMX	Jasper, Mahaska, Marion, Poweshiek	36 min
Jul 27, 5:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Clarke, Jasper, Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Monroe and 2 more	47 min
Jul 27, 5:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Boone, Dallas, Greene, Webster	46 min
Jul 27, 5:17 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Jasper	13 min
Jul 27, 5:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Jasper, Mahaska, Marion, Poweshiek	47 min
Jul 27, 5:52 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Appanoose, Davis, Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Monroe and 1 more	38 min
Jul 27, 5:54 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	DMX	Appanoose, Davis, Monroe, Wapello	36 min
Jul 27, 5:55 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Appanoose, Decatur, Lucas, Wayne	50 min
Jul 27, 5:58 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Boone, Dallas, Polk, Story	47 min
Jul 27, 6:27 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Appanoose, Davis, Monroe, Wapello	48 min
Jul 27, 6:30 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	DMX	Davis	15 min
Jul 27, 6:38 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	DMX	Wayne	23 min
Jul 27, 6:43 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	DMX	Wayne	3 hr

Nearby

Tornado Warnings in Iowa, 2008 Every tornado warning in 2008 Tornadoes in 2008

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.