Severe Thunderstorm Warning 288, NWS Charleston, SC

000 
WWUS52 KCHS 041933
SVSCHS

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CHARLESTON SC
333 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

SCC015-019-035-042000-
/O.CON.KCHS.SV.W.0288.000000T0000Z-080804T2000Z/
BERKELEY SC-DORCHESTER SC-CHARLESTON SC-
331 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 400 PM EDT
FOR CENTRAL CHARLESTON...SOUTHEASTERN DORCHESTER AND SOUTHERN
BERKELEY COUNTIES...

AT 330 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A LINE OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL
SIZE HAIL.  THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM
DRIGGERSTOWN TO CORDESVILLE...OR ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM GOOSE
CREEK TO 8 MILES SOUTHEAST OF MONCKS CORNER...MOVING EAST AT 14 MPH.

AT 328 PM EDT...THE PUBLIC REPORTED NICKEL SIZE HAIL IN CARNES 
CROSSROADS.

SOME LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...COLLEGE
PARK...GOOSE CREEK...HUGER...LADSON...MONCKS CORNER...SANGAREE AND
SUMMERVILLE.

IN ADDITION TO LARGE HAIL...CONTINUOUS CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING IS 
OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM. MOVE INDOORS IMMEDIATELY LIGHTNING IS 
ONE OF NATURES NUMBER ONE KILLERS. REMEMBER...IF YOU CAN HEAR 
THUNDER...YOU ARE CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER SUCH AS HAIL...DOWNED TREES...LIMBS...AND
POWER LINES...PLEASE CONTACT THE CHARLESTON NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
TOLL FREE AT 1-888-383-2024 OR EMAIL YOUR REPORTS TO
CHS.SKYWARN@NOAA.GOV.

LAT...LON 3286 8015 3307 8020 3322 7999 3321 7997
      3321 7996 3319 7990 3311 7969
TIME...MOT...LOC 1931Z 289DEG 12KT 3303 8008 3313 7990

$$

000 
WWUS52 KCHS 041950
SVSCHS

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CHARLESTON SC
350 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

SCC035-041959-
/O.CAN.KCHS.SV.W.0288.000000T0000Z-080804T2000Z/
DORCHESTER SC-
349 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR SOUTHEASTERN DORCHESTER COUNTY
HAS BEEN CANCELLED...

THE THUNDERSTORM WHICH PROMPTED THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR 
SOUTHEASTERN DORCHESTER COUNTY HAS MOVED OUT OF THE WARNED AREA. 
THEREFORE...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR SOUTHEASTERN 
DORCHESTER COUNTY HAS BEEN CANCELLED.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER SUCH AS HAIL...DOWNED TREES...LIMBS...AND
POWER LINES...PLEASE CONTACT THE CHARLESTON NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
TOLL FREE AT 1-888-383-2024 OR EMAIL YOUR REPORTS TO
CHS.SKYWARN@NOAA.GOV.

LAT...LON 3291 8007 3308 8014 3316 7994 3311 7971
TIME...MOT...LOC 1949Z 293DEG 15KT 3301 8001 3311 7983

$$

SCC015-019-042000-
/O.CON.KCHS.SV.W.0288.000000T0000Z-080804T2000Z/
BERKELEY SC-CHARLESTON SC-
349 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 400 PM EDT
FOR CENTRAL CHARLESTON AND SOUTHERN BERKELEY COUNTIES...

AT 345 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A LINE OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL
SIZE HAIL.  THESE STORMS WERE LOCATED ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM
MOUNT HOLLY TO NEW HOPE...OR ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM GOOSE CREEK
TO 11 MILES SOUTHEAST OF MONCKS CORNER...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 17 MPH.

AT 328 PM EDT...THE PUBLIC REPORTED NICKEL SIZE HAIL IN CARNES 
CROSSROADS.

SOME LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...COLLEGE
PARK...GOOSE CREEK AND HUGER.

IN ADDITION TO LARGE HAIL...CONTINUOUS CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING IS 
OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM. MOVE INDOORS IMMEDIATELY LIGHTNING IS 
ONE OF NATURES NUMBER ONE KILLERS. REMEMBER...IF YOU CAN HEAR 
THUNDER...YOU ARE CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER SUCH AS HAIL...DOWNED TREES...LIMBS...AND
POWER LINES...PLEASE CONTACT THE CHARLESTON NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
TOLL FREE AT 1-888-383-2024 OR EMAIL YOUR REPORTS TO
CHS.SKYWARN@NOAA.GOV.

LAT...LON 3291 8007 3308 8014 3316 7994 3311 7971
TIME...MOT...LOC 1949Z 293DEG 15KT 3301 8001 3311 7983

$$

000 
WWUS52 KCHS 041958
SVSCHS

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CHARLESTON SC
358 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

SCC015-019-042008-
/O.EXP.KCHS.SV.W.0288.000000T0000Z-080804T2000Z/
BERKELEY SC-CHARLESTON SC-
358 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR CENTRAL CHARLESTON AND
SOUTHERN BERKELEY COUNTIES WILL EXPIRE AT 400 PM EDT...

AT 355 PM EDT...RADAR INDICATED THAT THE THUNDERSTORM WHICH PROMPTED 
THE WARNING HAD WEAKENED...THUS THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR 
CENTRAL CHARLESTON COUNTY AND SOUTHERN BERKELEY COUNTY HAS BEEN 
ALLOWED TO EXPIRE.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO...TV OR YOUR LOCAL NEWS SOURCE FOR 
THE LATEST WEATHER INFORMATION.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER SUCH AS HAIL...DOWNED TREES...LIMBS...AND
POWER LINES...PLEASE CONTACT THE CHARLESTON NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
TOLL FREE AT 1-888-383-2024 OR EMAIL YOUR REPORTS TO
CHS.SKYWARN@NOAA.GOV.

LAT...LON 3291 8007 3308 8014 3316 7994 3311 7971
TIME...MOT...LOC 1958Z 293DEG 15KT 3299 7997 3309 7979

$$

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CHARLESTON SC
157 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

.SYNOPSIS...
A WEAK UPPER TROUGH WILL GIVE WAY TO AN UPPER RIDGE DURING THE
FIRST HALF OF THE UPCOMING WEEK. UPPER RIDGING WILL BREAK DOWN
THU AND FRI...BEFORE A COLD FRONT APPROACHES THE REGION NEXT
WEEKEND.

&&

.NEAR TERM /THROUGH TONIGHT/...
MANY AREAS WILL APPROACH HEAT ADVISORY THRESHOLDS THIS
AFTERNOON...ESPECIALLY ACROSS SE GA WHERE GREATEST INSOLATION WILL
SUPPORT HIGH TEMPERATURES IN THE UPPER 90S. HOWEVER...STILL EXPECT
THE MIXED LAYER TO TAP INTO SLIGHTLY DRIER AIR ALOFT...RESULTING
IN DEWPOINTS IN THE UPPER 60S/AROUND 70 AND THUS HOLDING MAXIMUM
HEAT INDICES JUST BELOW 105F. THUS...WILL NOT RAISE ANY HEAT
ADVISORIES WITH THE LATE MORNING UPDATE. HOWEVER...IF JUSTIFIED
BY AFTERNOON TEMPERATURE/DEWPOINT TRENDS...MAY STILL NEED TO ISSUE
HEAT ADVISORIES FOR FEW LOCATIONS FOR A COUPLE OF HOURS THIS
AFTERNOON/EARLY EVENING.

MEANWHILE...WATER VAPOR IMAGERY/12Z UPPER AIR ANALYSIS DEPICTED AN
UPPER LEVEL DEFORMATION AXIS ORIENTED WEST TO EAST OVER THE
REGION. THIS REGIME WILL SUPPORT DEEP MOIST CONVECTION THIS
AFTERNOON/EVENING.

BELOW THE UPPER LEVEL DEFORMATION ZONE...WEAK LOW LEVEL
CONVERGENCE ENHANCED BY EARLY MORNING CONVECTION CONTINUED TO
SUPPORT SLIGHTLY ELEVATED ISOLATED SHOWERS/THUNDERSTORMS IN THE
CHARLESTON TRI-COUNTY REGION. CLOUD COVER WILL CONTINUE TO THIN
IN THIS AREA...AND LEFTOVER BOUNDARIES/THE SEA BREEZE WILL SUPPORT
ISOLATED TO SCATTERED SURFACE BASED THUNDERSTORMS AS WE REACH
CONVECTIVE TEMPERATURES IN THE LOWER 90S BY MID AFTERNOON.
ALSO...A BAND OF LOW/MID LEVEL CLOUDS MARKED A WEAK SURFACE TROUGH
EXTENDING WEST ACROSS SE GA...AND THIS FEATURE WAS NOTED ON THE
12Z UPPER AIR ANALYSIS IN THE 925-500 MB LAYER...CORRESPONDING
WELL TO THE AXIS OF DEFORMATION. THIS SHOULD REPRESENT ANOTHER
FAVORABLE AREA FOR ISOLATED TO SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS THIS
AFTERNOON/EVENING. HOWEVER...A 12Z CAP OF 4.5C ACROSS THIS AREA
SUGGESTS THAT THUNDERSTORMS MAY NOT DEVELOP UNTIL LATER THIS
AFTERNOON.

MODIFIED 12Z SOUNDINGS CONSERVATIVELY GENERATED SBCAPES 2500-3500
J/KG AND PWATS 1.8 TO 2.1 INCHES. THUS...ISOLATED/BRIEF DAMAGING
WET MICROBURSTS AND LOCALLY EXCESSIVE RAINFALL MAY OCCUR.

ISOLATED CONVECTION MAY BE SOMEWHERE NEAR OR W OF I-95 IN OUR
FORECAST AREA THIS EVENING BEFORE DISSIPATION IN THE EVENING.
MODELS DO NOT SHOW FORCING OR CONVERGENCE TO SEE A REPEAT OF LATE
NIGHT CONVECTIVE BURST. IN FACT...UPPER HEIGHTS BUILD NICELY
TONIGHT. LOW TEMPERATURES IN THE 73-78 RANGE ACROSS THE BOARD.

&&

.SHORT TERM /TUESDAY/...
THE MAIN THEME IS INCREASING TEMPERATURES AND BUILDING HUMIDITY.
THE UPPER RIDGE FLEXES EASTWARD WHILE THE H85 HEIGHTS RISE FROM
THE E. WE MAY BE NUDGING BACK INTO HEAT ADVISORY CRITERIA AND AN
ADVISORY MAY BE REQUIRED ON TUE. DIURNAL TSTMS MOSTLY ISOLATED
ALONG THE SEA BREEZE. HIGHS MID TO UPPER 90S WITH SOME MIXING OF
AFTERNOON DEW POINTS INLAND. HIGH HEAT INDEX NUMBERS SHOULD BE
ALONG AND TO THE E OF I-95 AND JUST INLAND FROM THE BEACHES.

&&

.LONG TERM /TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY/...
BROAD UPPER RIDGE EXTENDING EAST THROUGH THE SOUTHEAST STATES ON
WEDNESDAY WILL SLOWLY BREAK DOWN THROUGH THU WHILE A BROAD LONGWAVE
TROUGH SCHEME SETS UP OVER THE EASTERN UNITED STATES FOR FRI THROUGH
THE WEEKEND. WED STILL LOOKS LIKE THE HOTTEST DUE TO THE HIGHEST
HEIGHTS ACROSS THE REGION WITH 850 MB TEMPS TOPPING OUT AROUND 21C.
WNW LOW-LEVEL FLOW WILL PRECLUDE MUCH IN THE WAY OF LOW CLOUDS UNTIL
MID TO LATE AFTERNOON WHEN THE SEABREEZE TRIES TO PUSH INLAND. THERE
IS A CHANCE THAT SOME MID-LEVEL CLOUDS WILL DROP SE THROUGH THE AREA
DURING THE AFTERNOON. THIS COULD PUT A DAMPER ON HIGH TEMPS IN SOME
SPOTS. ASSUMING THIS DOES NOT OCCUR...HIGHS SHOULD REACH THE UPPER
90S TO NEAR 100 WELL INLAND. SW-SSW BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW SHOULD
MAINTAIN MID 70S DEWPOINTS OVER MUCH OF THE REGION WITH SOME UPPER
70S DEWPOINTS POSSIBLE ALONG THE COAST. HOWEVER INLAND GEORGIA
DEWPOINTS WILL PROBABLY MIX INTO THE UPPER 60S DURING THE AFTERNOON
DUE TO QUITE A BIT OF DRY AIR PROGGED TO BE JUST ABOVE THE SFC. A
HEAT ADVISORY WILL PROBABLY BE NEEDED AT SOME POINT FOR AT LEAST
SOUTHERN SOUTH CAROLINA. CONVECTION WILL PROBABLY BE RATHER SPARSE
DUE TO A RELATIVE LACK OF FORCING DESPITE CONSIDERABLE INSTABILITY.
WILL MAINTAIN SLIGHT CHANCE POPS.

THU THROUGH THE WEEKEND TEMPS SHOULD DROP TO CLOSER TO NORMAL IN THE
LOWER 90S AS THE UPPER RIDGE BREAKS DOWN AND A BROAD TROUGH SETS UP
OVER THE EASTERN STATES. CLOUD COVER SHOULD BE ON THE INCREASE AS A
SERIES OF UPPER DISTURBANCES SLIDE SE THROUGH THE AREA. THE BATTERY
OF UPPER SHORTWAVES WILL SLOWLY PUSH A COLD FRONT TOWARD THE AREA BY
SAT OR SUN WHICH SHOULD AID IN CONVECTIVE DEVELOPMENT. FRI STILL
LOOKS QUITE INTERESTING WITH A POTENT SHORTWAVE SHIFTING IN FROM THE
NW WHILE UPPER JET DIFLUENCE AND CONSIDERABLE THERMO PARAMETERS ARE
IN PLACE. WILL MAINTAIN HIGHER POPS FRI THROUGH THE WEEKEND.

&&

.AVIATION /18Z MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAY/...
VFR CONDITIONS ARE EXPECTED AT BOTH TERMINALS THROUGH THE FIRST 24
HOUR TAF PERIOD. BOTH TERMINALS WILL EXPERIENCE AFTERNOON CB
DURING MAXIMUM HEATING HOURS. SOUTHWEST WINDS AROUND 10 KNOTS
WILL KEEP A SEABREEZE PINNED ALONG THE GEORGIA COAST THIS
AFTERNOON...THUS LIMITING POTENTIAL FOR AFTERNOON THUNDERSTORMS.
ACTIVITY OVER THE CHS TERMINAL IS MORE LIKELY...THUS WILL MAINTAIN
VCTS OVER THE CHS TERMINAL. SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL BECOME LIGHT AT
BOTH TERMINALS TONIGHT. SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL THEN INCREASE LATE
TOMORROW MORNING BUT REMAIN BELOW 10 KNOTS.

EXTENDED AVIATION OUTLOOK...MOSTLY VFR CONDITIONS LIKELY OUTSIDE
OF MAINLY DIURNAL CONVECTION. PATCHY MORNING LOW CLOUDS/FOG AND
MVFR HAZE REMAIN SLIGHT POSSIBILITIES AS BRIEF INTERRUPTIONS TO
VFR OUTLOOK.

&&

.MARINE...
LITTLE CHANGE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT EXPECTED THIS WEEK WITH
ATLANTIC HIGH PRESSURE OFFSHORE AND AN INLAND TROUGH MAINTAINING A
DECENT SW GRADIENT OVER THE WATERS. STRONGEST WINDS WILL CONTINUE
TO OCCUR DURING THE EARLY EVENING THROUGH EARLY MORNING HOURS WITH
MORE OF A LULL DURING THE DAYTIME. THE EXCEPTION WILL BE RIGHT
ALONG THE COAST WHERE A LATE AFTERNOON SEABREEZE WILL ENHANCE WIND
SPEEDS. WINDS DURING THE WEEKEND COULD BE CLOSE TO SMALL CRAFT
ADVISORY CRITERIA AT LEAST DURING THE EVENING SURGES AS THE INLAND
SURFACE TROUGH WILL BE SIGNIFICANTLY STRONGER.

&&

.CHS WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...NONE.
SC...NONE.
MARINE...NONE.

&&

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK...UPDATED
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CHARLESTON SC
1104 AM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

GAZ087-088-099>101-114>119-137>141-SCZ040-042>045-047>051-051000-
JENKINS-SCREVEN-CANDLER-BULLOCH-EFFINGHAM-TATTNALL-EVANS-
INLAND BRYAN-COASTAL BRYAN-INLAND CHATHAM-COASTAL CHATHAM-LONG-
INLAND LIBERTY-COASTAL LIBERTY-INLAND MCINTOSH-COASTAL MCINTOSH-
ALLENDALE-HAMPTON-INLAND COLLETON-DORCHESTER-BERKELEY-INLAND JASPER-
BEAUFORT-COASTAL COLLETON-CHARLESTON-COASTAL JASPER-
1104 AM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR SOUTHEAST GEORGIA AND
SOUTHEAST SOUTH CAROLINA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT.

SEVERE WEATHER...CONDITIONS WILL ONCE AGAIN FAVOR ISOLATED TO
SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS SOUTHEAST SOUTH CAROLINA AND
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA TODAY INTO THIS EVENING. UNTIL MIDNIGHT...
A COUPLE OF THUNDERSTORMS MAY BRIEFLY BECOME SEVERE...PRODUCING
DAMAGING WIND GUSTS EXCEEDING 60 MPH. ALSO...ANY THUNDERSTORMS
MAY PRODUCE TORRENTIAL RAINFALL AND FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND
LIGHTNING.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO ALL HAZARDS...TV...OR YOUR LOCAL
NEWS SOURCE FOR THE LATEST WEATHER INFORMATION FROM THE NATIONAL
WEATHER SERVICE. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS ALSO AVAILABLE ON THE
INTERNET AT WWW.WEATHER.GOV/CHS.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY.

HAZARDOUS HEAT...THE COMBINATION OF HIGH TEMPERATURES IN THE MID
TO UPPER 90S AND SIGNIFICANT HUMIDITY WILL PRODUCE HIGH HEAT
INDEX VALUES DURING THIS WEEK. TUESDAY...EXPECT HEAT INDICES 105
TO 108 DEGREES AWAY FROM THE COAST. THEN...WEDNESDAY SHOULD BE THE
HOTTEST DAY OF THE WEEK...WITH MAXIMUM HEAT INDICES 105 TO 110
DEGREES COMMON AWAY FROM THE IMMEDIATE COAST. THURSDAY...HEAT
INDICES AROUND 105 DEGREES ARE EXPECTED AT SOME INLAND LOCATIONS.
HEAT RELATED WATCHES...WARNINGS OR ADVISORIES MAY EVENTUALLY BE
REQUIRED.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING.

AMZ330-350-352-354-374-051000-
CHARLESTON HARBOR-
WATERS FROM SOUTH SANTEE RIVER TO EDISTO BEACH SC OUT 20 NM-
WATERS FROM EDISTO BEACH SC TO SAVANNAH GA OUT 20 NM-
WATERS FROM SAVANNAH GA TO ALTAMAHA SOUND GA OUT 20 NM...INCLUDING
GRAYS REEF NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY-
WATERS FROM SAVANNAH GA TO ALTAMAHA SOUND GA EXTENDING FROM 20 TO
60 NM-
1104 AM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR ATLANTIC COASTAL WATERS.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT.

NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY.

NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION IS NOT EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CHARLESTON SC
303 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

SCZ045-041945-
BERKELEY-
303 PM EDT MON AUG 4 2008

...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WILL IMPACT SOUTHERN BERKELEY COUNTY THROUGH
345 PM EDT...

AT 301 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING SMALL HAIL...AND GUSTY WINDS
OF 30 TO 40 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR SAINT JOHNS...OR ABOUT
7 MILES NORTHEAST OF SUMMERVILLE...MOVING EAST AT 14 MPH.

AREAS IN AND AROUND HUGER WILL BE IMPACTED THROUGH 345 PM EDT.

EXCESSIVE CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING CAN BE EXPECTED. POSTPONE OUTDOOR
ACTIVITIES PROMPTLY. GO QUICKLY INSIDE A COMPLETELY ENCLOSED
BUILDING.

BE ALERT FOR RAPIDLY CHANGING WEATHER CONDITIONS AS STORMS APPROACH.
BE READY TO TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTION IN CASE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM
WARNING IS ISSUED FOR YOUR LOCATION.

PLEASE CONTACT THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN CHARLESTON TOLL FREE
AT 1-888-383-2024 IF YOU OBSERVE SEVERE WEATHER SUCH AS HAIL...DOWNED
TREES...LIMBS AND POWER LINES.