Alert archive / Alabama / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2008

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 375, NWS Birmingham, AL

July 12, 2008Bibb County, Chilton County, Shelby County, Alabama

NWS Birmingham, AL issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Jul 12, 2008, 2:25 PM CDT for Bibb County, Chilton County, Shelby County, Alabama. It was in force for 30 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Jul 12, 2008, 2:25 PM CDT (19:25 UTC)
Expired: Jul 12, 2008, 2:55 PM CDT
In force: 30 min
Issued by: NWS Birmingham, AL
Area: Storm-based polygon

Counties Bibb County, AL, Chilton County, AL, Shelby County, AL

The radar

The Birmingham radar (KBMX), 16 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 19:27 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Birmingham, AL (KBMX), launched 12:00Z, 7.4 hours before the alert went out and 15 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 1774 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -42 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 652 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 21 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 49 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 54 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WUUS54 KBMX 121925
SVRBMX
ALC007-021-117-122015-
/O.NEW.KBMX.SV.W.0375.080712T1925Z-080712T2015Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
225 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN BIRMINGHAM HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  NORTHEASTERN BIBB COUNTY IN CENTRAL ALABAMA...
  NORTH CENTRAL CHILTON COUNTY IN CENTRAL ALABAMA...
  SOUTHWESTERN SHELBY COUNTY IN CENTRAL ALABAMA...
  THIS INCLUDES THE CITIES OF...MONTEVALLO...CALERA...

* UNTIL 315 PM CDT

* AT 222 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE INDICATED A SEVERE
  THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING PENNY SIZE HAIL...AND DAMAGING
  WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 7 MILES WEST OF
  MAYLENE...OR 9 MILES NORTHWEST OF MONTEVALLO...AND MOVING SOUTHEAST
  AT 26 MPH.

* THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR...
  UNIVERSITY OF MONTEVALLO AND MONTEVALLO BY 240 PM CDT...
  WILTON AND BRIERFIELD IRONWORKS PARK BY 245 PM CDT...
  ASHBY AND 7 MILES SOUTHWEST OF CALERA BY 250 PM CDT...

WINDS OF 60 TO 70 MPH WILL BREAK LARGE TREE LIMBS AND CAUSE SOME
DAMAGE...ESPECIALLY TO SMALLER STRUCTURES.

THIS IS A DANGEROUS STORM. IF YOU ARE IN ITS PATH...PREPARE
IMMEDIATELY FOR DAMAGING WINDS...HAIL...AND DEADLY CLOUD TO GROUND
LIGHTNING. PEOPLE OUTSIDE SHOULD MOVE TO A SHELTER...PREFERABLY
INSIDE A STRONG BUILDING BUT AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

IN ADDITION TO LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS...CONTINUOUS CLOUD TO
GROUND LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM. MOVE INDOORS
IMMEDIATELY LIGHTNING IS ONE OF NATURES NUMBER ONE KILLERS.
REMEMBER...IF YOU CAN HEAR THUNDER...YOU ARE CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE
STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.

TO REPORT SEVERE WEATHER...
CALL 1-800-856-0758.

LAT...LON 3320 8710 3326 8702 3325 8698 3328 8694
      3328 8693 3308 8673 3298 8680 3290 8689
TIME...MOT...LOC 1925Z 323DEG 23KT 3317 8697

$$

17/KLAWS

2 follow-up statements

000 
WWUS54 KBMX 121946
SVSBMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
246 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

ALC007-021-117-122015-
/O.CON.KBMX.SV.W.0375.000000T0000Z-080712T2015Z/
CHILTON AL-BIBB AL-SHELBY AL-
246 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 315 PM CDT
FOR SOUTHWESTERN SHELBY...EAST CENTRAL BIBB AND NORTH CENTRAL CHILTON
COUNTIES...

AT 241 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CONTINUED TO INDICATE A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING PENNY SIZE HAIL...AND
DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR
MARVEL...OR ABOUT 6 MILES NORTHWEST OF MONTEVALLO...MOVING SOUTHEAST
AT 13 MPH.

THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR...
  UNIVERSITY OF MONTEVALLO BY 305 PM CDT...
  WILTON AND MONTEVALLO BY 310 PM CDT...
  BRIERFIELD IRONWORKS PARK...ASHBY...7 MILES WEST OF MINOOKA PARK
  AND 7 MILES WEST OF CALERA BY 315 PM CDT...

IN ADDITION TO LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS...CONTINUOUS CLOUD TO
GROUND LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING WITH THIS STORM. MOVE INDOORS
IMMEDIATELY LIGHTNING IS ONE OF NATURES NUMBER ONE KILLERS.
REMEMBER...IF YOU CAN HEAR THUNDER...YOU ARE CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE
STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.

LAT...LON 3324 8693 3323 8689 3321 8688 3313 8677
      3308 8673 3298 8680 3290 8689 3304 8700
      3312 8703 3314 8706
TIME...MOT...LOC 1946Z 326DEG 11KT 3315 8693

$$

17/KLAWS

000 
WWUS54 KBMX 121955
SVSBMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
255 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

ALC007-021-117-122005-
/O.CAN.KBMX.SV.W.0375.000000T0000Z-080712T2015Z/
CHILTON AL-BIBB AL-SHELBY AL-
255 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR SOUTHWESTERN SHELBY...EAST
CENTRAL BIBB AND NORTH CENTRAL CHILTON COUNTIES IS CANCELLED...

THE THREAT OF SEVERE WEATHER HAS ENDED. THE STORMS THAT PROMPTED THE
WARNING HAVE WEAKENED.

LAT...LON 3324 8693 3323 8689 3321 8688 3313 8677
      3308 8673 3298 8680 3290 8689 3304 8700
      3312 8703 3314 8706
TIME...MOT...LOC 1955Z 326DEG 11KT 3313 8691

$$

17/KLAWS

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Jul 12, 1:53 PM CDT, 32 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 12, 1:53 PM CDT, 32 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
153 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

.UPDATED...FOR TODAY.

&&

.DISCUSSION...

MAKING ANOTHER UPDATE THIS AFTERNOON TO TODAYS FORECAST...TO RAISE
POPS TO LIKELY ACROSS THE SOUTHEAST. SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS WILL
CONTINUE TO GENERATE ALONG A CONVERGENCE ZONE GENERALLY ALONG I 65
THIS AFTERNOON. THE BULK OF THE SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE
SOUTH OF I 20 FOR THE REST OF THE AFTERNOON. ONGOING SHOWERS AND
THUNDERSTORMS. SOME OF THE STORMS THIS AFTERNOON WILL BE STRONG
ALONG WITH ISOLATED SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS. UPDATES HAVE BEEN SENT.

16

&&

.AVIATION...18Z TAF DISCUSSION.

ONGOING CONVECTION ACROSS CENTRAL ALABAMA THIS AFTERNOON. CENTRAL
ALABAMA ACTUALLY IN A CONVERGENCE ZONE IN BETWEEN AN AREA OF LOW
PRESSURE TO THE EAST AND HIGH PRESSURE TO THE WEST. THIS CAN REALLY
BE SEEN WELL FROM VISIBLE THIS AFTERNOON. THIS PUTS THE MOST LIKELY
ZONE OF MOISTURE RIGHT ALONG I 65. MOST TAF LOCATIONS WILL SEE
THUNDERSTORMS THIS AFTERNOON...SO WITH PREDOMINATE VCTS AND TEMPO 18
TO 21 Z FOR TSRA WITH REDUCED VIS AND STRONGER WINDS. VIS MAY DROP
DOWN BRIEFLY TO IFR CONDITIONS DURING A THUNDERSTORM ALONG WITH
HEAVY DOWNPOURS. THINGS CALM DOWN AFTER 00Z. WENT AHEAD AND ADDED
MVFR BR FOR ALL BUT BHM AND MGM. COLD FRONT WILL BEGIN TO SAG
SOUTHWARD DURING THE DAY SUNDAY. HAVE ADDED VCTS FOR THE NORTHERN
TAFS BY 15Z AS ACTIVITY MAY GET GOING FAIRLY QUICKLY AGAIN
TOMORROW.

16

&&

.BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE.
&&

16

Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 12, 1:10 PM CDT, 1 hour 15 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
110 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

ALZ011>015-017>050-131130-
AUTAUGA-BARBOUR-BIBB-BLOUNT-BULLOCK-CALHOUN-CHAMBERS-CHEROKEE-
CHILTON-CLAY-CLEBURNE-COOSA-DALLAS-ELMORE-ETOWAH-FAYETTE-GREENE-HALE-
JEFFERSON-LAMAR-LEE-LOWNDES-MACON-MARENGO-MARION-MONTGOMERY-PERRY-
PICKENS-PIKE-RANDOLPH-RUSSELL-SHELBY-ST CLAIR-SUMTER-TALLADEGA-
TALLAPOOSA-TUSCALOOSA-WALKER-WINSTON-
110 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE COUNTIES SERVED BY THE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN BIRMINGHAM.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT.

SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS THUNDERSTORMS WILL OCCUR THROUGH 8 PM ACROSS
ALL OF CENTRAL ALABAMA...WITH THE MOST CONCENTRATED ACTIVITY NEAR
AND EAST OF INTERSTATE 65.  A FEW STRONG THUNDERSTORMS ARE
POSSIBLE...CAPABLE OF PRODUCING LOCALIZED HEAVY RAIN OF ONE TO TWO
INCHES IN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME...DEADLY LIGHTNING...AND WIND GUSTS
UP TO 45 MPH.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SUNDAY THROUGH FRIDAY.

SCATTERED STRONG TO SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE ACROSS
ALL OF CENTRAL ALABAMA SUNDAY...GENERALLY FROM 1 PM THROUGH 10 PM.
THE STORMS WILL BE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING WIND GUSTS OF 45 TO 65 MPH...
LOCALIZED HEAVY RAIN...DEADLY LIGHTNING...AND SMALL HAIL.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL IS
NOT ANTICIPATED AT THIS TIME. BUT A FEW SEVERE STORMS MAY REQUIRE
WARNINGS SUNDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING.

STEFKOVICH

In the hours before

Special weather statement, Jul 12, 11:14 AM CDT, 3 hours 11 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
1114 AM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

ALZ026-027-121700-
ST. CLAIR-TALLADEGA-
1114 AM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ALERT FOR ST. CLAIR AND TALLADEGA COUNTIES
UNTIL NOON CDT...

AT 1110 AM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM NEAR PELL CITY...MOVING EAST AT 16 MPH.

WINDS UP TO 40 MPH ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM.

* LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
  ST. CLAIR COUNTY AIRPORT.
  LINCOLN.
  HOWELLS COVE.
  JACKSON SHOALS.
  TALLADEGA SUPERSPEEDWAY.
  TALLADEGA.

THIS THUNDERSTORM COULD INTENSIFY QUICKLY...SO BE READY TO ACT IF A
WARNING IS ISSUED.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO...COMMERCIAL RADIO...OR YOUR LOCAL
TELEVISION STATIONS FOR LATER STATEMENTS AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS
CONCERNING THIS WEATHER SITUATION.

TG

Special weather statement, Jul 12, 11:46 AM CDT, 2 hours 39 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
1146 AM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

ALZ025-027-035-036-121730-
CHILTON-COOSA-SHELBY-TALLADEGA-
1146 AM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ALERT FOR CHILTON...COOSA...SHELBY AND
TALLADEGA COUNTIES UNTIL 1230 PM CDT...

AT 1146 AM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM NEAR TALLADEGA SPRINGS...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 16 MPH.

WINDS UP TO 40 MPH AND FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING ARE
EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM.

* LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
  TALLADEGA SPRINGS.
  BLUE SPRINGS.
  MARBLE VALLEY.
  STRICKLAND CROSSROADS.
  LAY LAKE DAM.
  UNITY.

THIS THUNDERSTORM COULD INTENSIFY QUICKLY...SO BE READY TO ACT IF A
WARNING IS ISSUED.

IF ON OR NEAR LAY LAKE...GET OUT OF THE WATER AND MOVE INDOORS OR
INSIDE A VEHICLE. REMEMBER...LIGHTNING CAN STRIKE OUT TO 15 MILES
FROM THE PARENT THUNDERSTORM. IF YOU CAN HEAR THUNDER...YOU ARE
CLOSE ENOUGH TO BE STRUCK BY LIGHTNING. MOVE TO SAFE SHELTER NOW.
DONT BE CAUGHT ON THE WATER IN A THUNDERSTORM

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO...COMMERCIAL RADIO...OR YOUR LOCAL
TELEVISION STATIONS FOR LATER STATEMENTS AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS
CONCERNING THIS WEATHER SITUATION.

TG

Special weather statement, Jul 12, 11:47 AM CDT, 2 hours 38 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
1147 AM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

ALZ018-019-026-027-121730-
CALHOUN-ETOWAH-ST. CLAIR-TALLADEGA-
1147 AM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ALERT FOR CALHOUN...ETOWAH...ST. CLAIR AND
TALLADEGA COUNTIES UNTIL 1230 PM CDT...

AT 1142 AM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE INDICATED THAT
THUNDERSTORMS WERE RAPIDLY DEVELOPING 7 MILES SOUTHEAST OF STEELE...
OR 8 MILES WEST OF MARKTON...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 14 MPH.

WINDS UP TO 40 MPH...FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING...AND HEAVY
DOWNPOURS ARE EXPECTED WITH THESE STORMS.

* LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
  WILLIAMS.
  RAGLAND.
  OHATCHEE.
  SAKS.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO...COMMERCIAL RADIO...OR YOUR LOCAL
TELEVISION STATIONS FOR LATER STATEMENTS AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS
CONCERNING THIS WEATHER SITUATION.

17/KLAWS

Special weather statement, Jul 12, 12:28 PM CDT, 1 hour 57 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
1228 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

ALZ018>021-121815-
CALHOUN-CHEROKEE-CLEBURNE-ETOWAH-
1228 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ALERT FOR CALHOUN...CHEROKEE...CLEBURNE AND
ETOWAH COUNTIES UNTIL 115 PM CDT...

AT 1223 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM 6 MILES SOUTH OF HOKES BLUFF...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 13
MPH.

WINDS UP TO 40 MPH...FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING...AND HEAVY
DOWNPOURS ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM.

* LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
  REAVES.
  JACKSONVILLE.
  SAKS.
  BLUE MOUNTAIN.
  LIBERTY HILL.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO...COMMERCIAL RADIO...OR YOUR LOCAL
TELEVISION STATIONS FOR LATER STATEMENTS AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS
CONCERNING THIS WEATHER SITUATION.

17/KLAWS

Special weather statement, Jul 12, 1:33 PM CDT, 52 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
133 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

ALZ021-121915-
CLEBURNE-
133 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ALERT FOR CLEBURNE COUNTY UNTIL 215 PM CDT...

AT 132 PM CDT...THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IS TRACKING A STRONG
THUNDERSTORM NEAR MARS HILLS...OR 10 MILES NORTHWEST OF TALLAPOOSA...
MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 9 MPH.

WINDS UP TO 40 MPH...FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING...AND HEAVY
DOWNPOURS ARE EXPECTED WITH THIS STORM.

* LOCATIONS IN OR NEAR THE PATH INCLUDE...
  OAK LEVEL.
  MARS HILLS.
  MUSCADINE.

THE GUSTY WINDS WILL BE CAPABLE OF KNOCKING DOWN SMALL TREES...TREE
LIMBS...AND POWERLINES. SEEK SAFE SHELTER UNTIL THE STORM HAS PASSED.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO...COMMERCIAL RADIO...OR YOUR LOCAL
TELEVISION STATIONS FOR LATER STATEMENTS AND POSSIBLE WARNINGS
CONCERNING THIS WEATHER SITUATION.

17/KLAWS

Local storm report, Jul 12, 1:43 PM CDT, 42 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
143 PM CDT SAT JUL 12 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

1236 PM     TSTM WND DMG     1 E JACKSONVILLE        33.81N 85.74W
07/12/2008                   CALHOUN            AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            TWO TREES REPORTED DOWN NEAR THE HOLLINGSWORTH ROAD AND
            HWY 9 INTERSECTION

1145 AM     LIGHTNING        5 S TALLADEGA           33.36N 86.10W
07/12/2008                   TALLADEGA          AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            LIGHTNING STRUCK A TREE CAUSING IT TO FALL ON AN OCCUPIED
            VEHICLE...ENTRAPMENT...BUT NO REPORTED INJURIES.

&&

KLAWS

The office that day

Everything else NWS Birmingham, AL issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jul 12, 1:01 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Bullock, Montgomery	28 min
Jul 12, 1:53 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Elmore, Macon, Montgomery	37 min
Jul 12, 1:57 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Clay, Tallapoosa	48 min
Jul 12, 1:58 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Bullock, Macon	32 min
Jul 12, 3:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Chambers, Lee	32 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Alabama, 2008 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2008

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.