Alert archive / North Dakota / Tornado Warnings in 2008

Tornado Warning 43, NWS Bismarck, ND

July 28, 2008Logan County, McIntosh County, North Dakota

NWS Bismarck, ND issued this tornado warning at Jul 28, 2008, 9:48 PM CDT for Logan County, McIntosh County, North Dakota. It was in force for 27 min. 2 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Jul 28, 2008, 9:48 PM CDT (02:48 UTC)
Expired: Jul 28, 2008, 10:15 PM CDT
In force: 27 min
Issued by: NWS Bismarck, ND
Area: Storm-based polygon

Counties Logan County, ND, McIntosh County, ND

The radar

The Aberdeen radar (KABR), 108 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 02:49 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Jul 28, 10:00 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	12 N Ashley, ND
Jul 28, 10:10 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	6 S Lehr, ND	ON GOING

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this tornado warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Jul 28, 7:34 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	4 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Aberdeen, SD (KABR), launched 00:00Z, 2.8 hours before the alert went out and 161 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 4093 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -2 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 826 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 44 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 100 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 360 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 4.8
Supercell composite: 26.1

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WFUS53 KBIS 290248
TORBIS
NDC047-051-290315-
/O.NEW.KBIS.TO.W.0043.080729T0248Z-080729T0315Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
948 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN BISMARCK HAS ISSUED A

* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
  SOUTH CENTRAL LOGAN COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST NORTH DAKOTA...
  CENTRAL MCINTOSH COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST NORTH DAKOTA...

* UNTIL 1015 PM CDT

* AT 942 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A TORNADO NEAR GREEN
  LAKE...OR 58 MILES SOUTHWEST OF JAMESTOWN...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT    
  30 MPH. THOSE IN AND NEAR GREEN LAKE SHOULD TAKE IMMEDIATE COVER.

* THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
  RURAL CENTRAL MCINTOSH COUNTY AT 1000 PM CDT
  RURAL EASTERN MCINTOSH COUNTY AT 1010 PM CDT

THE SAFEST PLACE TO BE DURING A TORNADO IS IN A BASEMENT. GET UNDER A
WORKBENCH OR OTHER PIECE OF STURDY FURNITURE. IF NO BASEMENT IS
AVAILABLE...SEEK SHELTER ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF THE BUILDING IN AN
INTERIOR HALLWAY OR ROOM SUCH AS A CLOSET. USE BLANKETS OR PILLOWS TO
COVER YOUR BODY AND STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

IF IN MOBILE HOMES OR VEHICLES...EVACUATE THEM AND GET INSIDE A
SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER. IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...LIE FLAT IN THE
NEAREST DITCH OR OTHER LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD WITH YOUR HANDS.

IN ADDITION TO THE TORNADO...THIS STORM IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING LARGE
HAIL AND DESTRUCTIVE STRAIGHT LINE WINDS.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT TUESDAY MORNING
FOR SOUTHEASTERN NORTH DAKOTA.

LAT...LON 4623 9905 4608 9911 4604 9942 4627 9967
      4637 9949
TIME...MOT...LOC 0247Z 308DEG 26KT 4622 9940

$$
PJA

3 follow-up statements

000
WWUS53 KBIS 290300
SVSBIS

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
1000 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

NDC047-051-290315-
/O.CON.KBIS.TO.W.0043.000000T0000Z-080729T0315Z/
LOGAN ND-MCINTOSH ND-
959 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

...A TORNADO WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1015 PM CDT FOR CENTRAL
MCINTOSH AND EXTREME SOUTH CENTRAL LOGAN COUNTIES...

AT 956 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO 
INDICATE A POSSIBLE TORNADO.  THIS TORNADO MAY BE NEAR LEHR...OR 57 
MILES SOUTHWEST OF JAMESTOWN...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 30 MPH.

THE TORNADO WILL BE NEAR...
  RURAL EASTERN MCINTOSH COUNTY AT 1010 PM CDT

THE SAFEST PLACE TO BE DURING A TORNADO IS IN A BASEMENT. GET UNDER A
WORKBENCH OR OTHER PIECE OF STURDY FURNITURE. IF NO BASEMENT IS
AVAILABLE...SEEK SHELTER ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF THE BUILDING IN AN
INTERIOR HALLWAY OR ROOM SUCH AS A CLOSET. USE BLANKETS OR PILLOWS TO
COVER YOUR BODY AND ALWAYS STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

IF IN MOBILE HOMES OR VEHICLES...EVACUATE THEM AND GET INSIDE A
SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER. IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...LIE FLAT IN THE
NEAREST DITCH OR OTHER LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD WITH YOUR HANDS.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT TUESDAY MORNING
FOR SOUTHEASTERN NORTH DAKOTA.

LAT...LON 4619 9959 4621 9960 4634 9941 4623 9906
      4622 9905 4617 9907 4617 9908 4608 9911
      4604 9942
TIME...MOT...LOC 0259Z 307DEG 26KT 4619 9931

$$
PJA

000
WWUS53 KBIS 290303
SVSBIS

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
1003 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

NDC047-051-290315-
/O.CON.KBIS.TO.W.0043.000000T0000Z-080729T0315Z/
LOGAN ND-MCINTOSH ND-
1003 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

...A TORNADO WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 1015 PM CDT FOR CENTRAL
MCINTOSH AND EXTREME SOUTH CENTRAL LOGAN COUNTIES...

AT 1001 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO 
INDICATE A POSSIBLE TORNADO.  THIS TORNADO WAS LOCATED 7 MILES SOUTH 
OF LEHR...OR 58 MILES SOUTHWEST OF JAMESTOWN...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 30
MPH.

IN ADDITION TO THE TORNADO...THIS STORM IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING GOLF 
BALL SIZE HAIL AND DESTRUCTIVE STRAIGHT LINE WINDS.

THE SAFEST PLACE TO BE DURING A TORNADO IS IN A BASEMENT. GET UNDER A
WORKBENCH OR OTHER PIECE OF STURDY FURNITURE. IF NO BASEMENT IS
AVAILABLE...SEEK SHELTER ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF THE BUILDING IN AN
INTERIOR HALLWAY OR ROOM SUCH AS A CLOSET. USE BLANKETS OR PILLOWS TO
COVER YOUR BODY AND ALWAYS STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

IF IN MOBILE HOMES OR VEHICLES...EVACUATE THEM AND GET INSIDE A
SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER. IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...LIE FLAT IN THE
NEAREST DITCH OR OTHER LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD WITH YOUR HANDS.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT TUESDAY MORNING
FOR SOUTHEASTERN NORTH DAKOTA.

LAT...LON 4619 9959 4621 9960 4634 9941 4623 9906
      4622 9905 4617 9907 4617 9908 4608 9911
      4604 9942
TIME...MOT...LOC 0303Z 307DEG 26KT 4617 9930

$$
PJA

000 
WWUS53 KBIS 290314
SVSBIS

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
1014 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

NDC047-051-290323-
/O.EXP.KBIS.TO.W.0043.000000T0000Z-080729T0315Z/
LOGAN ND-MCINTOSH ND-
1013 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

...THE TORNADO WARNING FOR CENTRAL MCINTOSH AND EXTREME SOUTH CENTRAL
LOGAN COUNTIES WILL EXPIRE AT 1015 PM CDT...

A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR THIS STORM.

A TORNADO WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL MIDNIGHT CDT TUESDAY MORNING
FOR SOUTHEASTERN NORTH DAKOTA.

LAT...LON 4619 9959 4621 9960 4634 9941 4623 9906
      4622 9905 4617 9907 4617 9908 4608 9911
      4604 9942
TIME...MOT...LOC 0313Z 307DEG 26KT 4613 9922

$$
PJA

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this tornado warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Bismarck, ND wrote its last area forecast discussion before this tornado warning went out at Jul 28, 3:50 PM CDT, 5 hours 58 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 28, 3:50 PM CDT, 5 hours 58 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
350 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

.SHORT TERM...TONIGHT THROUGH THURSDAY NIGHT
CONVECTIVE POTENTIAL A BIT UNCERTAIN THIS EVENING AS EARLY MORNING
MCS TRACKED ACROSS THE WEST AND NORTH. IT APPEARS THE SOUTHWEST
SHOULD BE ABLE TO BE TAPPED FOR DEEP SURFACED BASED CONVECTION THIS
EVENING AND TRACK EAST SOUTHEAST ACROSS SOUTHERN NORTH DAKOTA. THIS
WILL BE THE FOCUS FOR THE CURRENT FORECAST. PLACED THE SEVERE
WEATHER THREAT ACROSS SOUTHERN NORTH DAKOTA FOR THE EVENING AND
TAPERED THE THUNDERSTORMS CHANCES DOWN AFTER MIDNIGHT. ON TUESDAY I
DOWNPLAYED THE PRECIP CHANCES AS BUILDING H5 RIDGE SHUTS DOWN
CONVECTIVE POTENTIAL BUT KEEPS TEMPS WARM TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY.
NEXT CHC FOR PRECIP WILL BE WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY AS SHORTWAVE
TROUGH FLATTENS RIDGE.

.LONG TERM...FRIDAY THROUGH MONDAY...
PERSISTENT ACTIVE WEATHER PATTERN THROUGH THE EXTENDED PERIOD
DEPICTED BY BOTH THE GFS AND ECMWF. THUS WE HAVE OFF AND ON CHANCES
FOR THUNDER WITH NEAR TO SLIGHTLY ABOVE SEASONAL TEMPERATURES.
WARMEST TEMPS WILL BE FRIDAY AND SATURDAY...WITH COOLER TEMPS SUNDAY
AND MONDAY.

&&

.AVIATION...
A TROUGH OF LOW PRESSURE AND AN UPPER LEVEL SHORT WAVE WILL CONTINUE
TO SLIDE EAST ACROSS THE LOCAL REGION TODAY AND THIS EVENING...AND
WILL BE THE FOCUS FOR THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL
HOURS. THERE IS UNCERTAINTY OF THE EXACT PLACEMENT OF ANY STORMS
THAT DO DEVELOP DUE TO EARLIER MORNING CONVECTION AND A WEAK CAPPING
LAYER IN PLACE. ATTM THE BEST AREA FOR SURFACE BASED STORMS LOOKS TO
BE ACROSS SOUTHWEST ND...THEN EXPANDING INTO LARGER AERIAL COVERAGE
LATER THIS EVENING. VERY POSSIBLE THAT ONLY A FEW ISOLATED STORMS
WILL DEVELOP AS WELL.

OVERALL WILL HAVE VFR FLYING CONDITIONS REST OF THIS AFTERNOON AND
EVENING WITH ISOLATED AND SHORT LIVED MVFR-IFR CIGS AND VIS IN ANY
HEAVIER TSRA. NUMERICAL GUIDANCE ALSO INDICATES AREAS OF FOG
DEVELOPING AFTER MIDNIGHT TONIGHT OVER CENTRAL ND (MOT...JMS AND BIS
TAF SITES.)

&&

.BIS WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
NONE.
&&

WAA/NH

Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 28, 4:20 AM CDT, 17 hours 28 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
420 AM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

NDZ001>005-009>013-017>023-025-031>037-040>048-050-051-290930-
DIVIDE-BURKE-RENVILLE-BOTTINEAU-ROLETTE-WILLIAMS-MOUNTRAIL-WARD-
MCHENRY-PIERCE-MCKENZIE-DUNN-MERCER-OLIVER-MCLEAN-SHERIDAN-WELLS-
FOSTER-GOLDEN VALLEY-BILLINGS-STARK-MORTON-BURLEIGH-KIDDER-
STUTSMAN-SLOPE-HETTINGER-GRANT-BOWMAN-ADAMS-SIOUX-EMMONS-LOGAN-
LA MOURE-MCINTOSH-DICKEY-
420 AM CDT MON JUL 28 2008 /320 AM MDT MON JUL 28 2008/

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF CENTRAL AND
WEST NORTH DAKOTA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

A SURFACE LOW PRESSURE TROUGH AND COLD FRONT WILL MAKE THEIR WAY
ACROSS THE STATE TODAY AND TONIGHT. THERE IS A CHANCE OF
THUNDERSTORMS THROUGH THE PERIOD. THE AIRMASS IS POTENTIALLY
UNSTABLE WITH HIGH CAPES AND HIGH PRECIPITABLE WATER. SEVERE
THUNDERSTORMS ARE LIKELY ALONG WITH HEAVY RAIN. IN ADDITION...A
STATIONARY FRONT IN NEBRASKA WILL MOVE NORTH INTO NORTHEAST SOUTH
DAKOTA THIS AFTERNOON AS A WARM FRONT. DEPENDING ON WHERE IT IS
LOCATED THIS AFTERNOON...THERE IS POTENTIAL FOR TRAIN
THUNDERSTORMS AND HEAVY RAIN NORTH OF THE FRONT. IN ADDITION
INCREASED SHEAR NORTH OF THE WARM FRONT INCREASES THE POTENTIAL
FOR TORNADIC ACTIVITY.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY

THERE IS A CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS ON WEDNESDAY AS YET ANOTHER LOW
PRESSURE SYSTEM MOVES ACROSS THE REGION. THUNDERSTORMS ARE ALSO
POSSIBLE ON THE WEEKEND.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jul 28, 8:20 PM CDT, 1 hour 28 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
820 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0813 PM     HAIL             STANTON                 47.32N 101.38W
07/28/2008  E2.00 INCH       MERCER             ND   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

PAYD

Local storm report, Jul 28, 8:28 PM CDT, 1 hour 20 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
828 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0815 PM     HAIL             7 N STANTON             47.42N 101.38W
07/28/2008  E0.88 INCH       MCLEAN             ND   TRAINED SPOTTER

            LASTED 10 MINUTES

&&

PAYD

Local storm report, Jul 28, 8:45 PM CDT, 1 hour 3 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
845 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0833 PM     HAIL             STANTON                 47.32N 101.38W
07/28/2008  E1.75 INCH       MERCER             ND   TRAINED SPOTTER

            GOLFBALL SIZE HAIL AND ESTIMATED 50MPH WINDS

&&

PAYD

Local storm report, Jul 28, 9:04 PM CDT, 44 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
904 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0858 PM     FUNNEL CLOUD     4 S SANGER              47.13N 101.00W
07/28/2008                   OLIVER             ND   FIRE DEPT/RESCUE

&&

TLM

Local storm report, Jul 28, 9:31 PM CDT, 17 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
931 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0925 PM     HAIL             HENSLER                 47.25N 101.08W
07/28/2008  E0.50 INCH       OLIVER             ND   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

TLM

Local storm report, Jul 28, 9:46 PM CDT, 2 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BISMARCK ND
946 PM CDT MON JUL 28 2008

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0925 PM     TORNADO          12 NNE BISMARCK         46.97N 100.67W
07/28/2008                   BURLEIGH           ND   TRAINED SPOTTER

            TORNADO AND PEA SIZE HAIL. 2 MILES NORTH EAST OF BALDWIN

&&

TLM

The office that day

Everything else NWS Bismarck, ND issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Jul 28, 7:10 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Mercer	65 min
Jul 28, 7:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	McLean, Mercer	61 min
Jul 28, 7:39 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Emmons, Kidder, Logan	51 min
Jul 28, 7:51 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Morton	54 min
Jul 28, 7:56 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	McLean, Mercer, Oliver	49 min
Jul 28, 7:58 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BIS	Emmons, Kidder, Logan	32 min
Jul 28, 8:26 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Emmons, Kidder, Logan	49 min
Jul 28, 8:33 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	McLean, Mercer	12 min
Jul 28, 8:41 PM CDT	Areal Flood Advisory	BIS	Logan	3 hr
Jul 28, 8:42 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BIS	Burleigh, McLean, Oliver	63 min
Jul 28, 9:08 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BIS	Logan	37 min
Jul 28, 9:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Logan, McIntosh	47 min
Jul 28, 9:16 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Burleigh, Oliver	59 min
Jul 28, 9:17 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BIS	Burleigh	28 min
Jul 28, 9:28 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BIS	Logan, McIntosh	32 min
Jul 28, 9:46 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BIS	Burleigh	29 min
Jul 28, 9:54 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Dickey, LaMoure, Logan, McIntosh	51 min
Jul 28, 10:07 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Bottineau	40 min
Jul 28, 10:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Burleigh, Emmons, Kidder, Logan	15 min
Jul 28, 10:40 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Dickey, McIntosh	65 min
Jul 28, 10:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BIS	Rolette	53 min
Jul 28, 10:42 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BIS	Dickey, McIntosh	33 min

Nearby

Tornado Warnings in North Dakota, 2008 Every tornado warning in 2008 Tornadoes in 2008

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.