Alert archive / Iowa / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2007

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 77, NWS Des Moines, IA

April 3, 2007Clarke County, Iowa

NWS Des Moines, IA issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Apr 3, 2007, 3:11 AM CDT for Clarke County, Iowa. It was in force for 34 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Apr 3, 2007, 3:11 AM CDT (08:11 UTC)
Expired: Apr 3, 2007, 3:45 AM CDT
In force: 34 min
Issued by: NWS Des Moines, IA
Area: Counties, with a storm outline in the text

County Clarke County, IA

The radar

The Des Moines radar (KDMX), 76 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 08:13 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Apr 3, 12:03 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	7 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Omaha, NE (KOAX), launched 00:00Z, 8.2 hours before the alert went out and 214 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 74 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -377 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 1481 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 52 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 223 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 516 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.9

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WUUS53 KDMX 030810
SVRDMX
IAC039-030845-
/O.NEW.KDMX.SV.W.0077.070403T0811Z-070403T0845Z/

BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
311 AM CDT TUE APR 3 2007

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN DES MOINES HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  CLARKE COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL IOWA...

* UNTIL 345 AM CDT

* AT 309 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
  DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 14
  MILES NORTHWEST OF LEON...OR 41 MILES NORTH OF BETHANY...AND MOVING
  NORTHEAST AT 50 MPH.

* THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR...
  6 MILES SOUTHEAST OF OSCEOLA BY 325 AM CDT...

THE TOWN OF WOODBURN IS ALSO IN THE PATH OF THIS SEVERE THUNDERSTORM.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 35 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 26 AND 43.

LARGE HAIL CAN CAUSE SERIOUS INJURY AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTY DAMAGE.
SEEK SAFETY IN A STURDY BUILDING...AND STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

LAT...LON 4116 9402 4090 9402 4091 9357 4116 9358

$$

KINNEY

2 follow-up statements

000 
WWUS53 KDMX 030824
SVSDMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
325 AM CDT TUE APR 3 2007

IAC039-030845-
/O.CON.KDMX.SV.W.0077.000000T0000Z-070403T0845Z/
CLARKE IA-
325 AM CDT TUE APR 3 2007

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR CLARKE COUNTY
UNTIL 345 AM CDT...

AT 321 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE
HAIL...AND DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH.  THIS STORM WAS
LOCATED 7 MILES SOUTH OF OSCEOLA...OR 45 MILES SOUTH OF DES MOINES...
MOVING NORTHEAST AT 45 MPH.

THIS SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL AFFECT MAINLY RURAL AREAS OF CLARKE
COUNTY...INCLUDING THE TOWNS OF OSCEOLA AND WOODBURN.

THIS INCLUDES INTERSTATE 35 BETWEEN MILE MARKERS 26 AND 43.

THIS IS A DANGEROUS STORM. IF YOU ARE IN ITS PATH...PREPARE
IMMEDIATELY FOR LARGE DESTRUCTIVE HAIL CAPABLE OF PRODUCING
SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE. PEOPLE OUTSIDE SHOULD MOVE TO A SHELTER...
PREFERABLY INSIDE A STRONG BUILDING BUT AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

REPORT TORNADOES...WIND IN EXCESS OF 50 MPH...HAIL LARGER THAN ONE
HALF INCH...OR STORM DAMAGE BY CALLING LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AND
ASKING THEM TO RELAY THE REPORT TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

LAT...LON 4116 9402 4090 9402 4091 9357 4116 9358

$$

KINNEY

000 
WWUS53 KDMX 030846
SVSDMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
346 AM CDT TUE APR 3 2007

IAC039-030856-
/O.EXP.KDMX.SV.W.0077.000000T0000Z-070403T0845Z/
CLARKE IA-
346 AM CDT TUE APR 3 2007

...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR CLARKE COUNTY HAS BEEN ALLOWED
TO EXPIRE...

AT 345 AM CDT...WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED THAT THE
THUNDERSTORMS WHICH PROMPTED THE WARNING HAVE MOVED OUT OF THE AREA.
THEREFORE...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING HAS BEEN ALLOWED TO
EXPIRE.

REPORT WIND IN EXCESS OF 50 MPH...HAIL LARGER THAN ONE HALF 
INCH...OR STORM DAMAGE BY CALLING LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ASKING 
THEM TO RELAY THE REPORT TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

LAT...LON 4116 9402 4090 9402 4091 9357 4116 9358

$$

COGIL

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Des Moines, IA wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Apr 2, 3:00 PM CDT, 12 hours 11 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Apr 2, 3:00 PM CDT, 12 hours 11 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
300 PM CDT MON APR 2 2007

.SHORT TERM /TONIGHT/...

SFC ANALYSIS CONTINUES TO SHOW WARM FRONT JUST TO THE SOUTH OF THE
CWA THIS AFTERNOON...WITH MOISTURE RAPIDLY RETURNING AS EXPECTED.
GFS HAD A GOOD HANDLE ON LIGHT SHOWER ACTIVITY AND STRONG ELEVATED
THETA ADVECTION THAT BEGAN OVERNIGHT AND CONTINUES LATE MORNING
ALONG WEAK TROUGH ACROSS CENTRAL IA ATTM. MOISTURE PLUME BEGINNING
TO ADVANCE QUICKLY ACROSS OK/KS WITH LOWER 50 DEW POINTS ALREADY
APPROACHING KMCI. XPECT WARM FRONTAL BOUNDARY TO LIFT NORTH THIS
AFTERNOON WITH ELEVATED CONVECTION DEVELOPING ALONG THE BOUNDARY
DURING THE EVENING HOURS. AS THE CONVECTION GETS GOING THIS EVENING
ACROSS NORTHERN MO/EASTERN NE EXPECT IT TO LIFT NORTH AND BEGIN
TRACKING EAST NORTHEAST IN H700 FLOW AS CENTRAL ROCKIES SHORT WAVE
BEGINS TO INTERACT WITH MOISTURE/BOUNDARIES. MIDLVL WINDS OF
30-50KTS WILL BE SUFFICIENT FOR SUPERCELLS AND MAIN THREAT AGAIN
LARGE HAIL. DEPENDING ON STRENGTH OF BOUNDARY LAYER INVERSION...WIND
SHOULD NOT BE THE MAIN ISSUE. HOWEVER...PER SPC...IF BOUNDARY LIFTS
FAR ENUF NORTH...SOME SFC BASED CONVECTION COULD BE REALIZED IN THE
SOUTH. GFS PROGS BEST MUCAPE ACROSS SOUTH CENTRAL IA BETWEEN 03 AND
06Z. MODELS CONTINUE TO ADVERTISE WELL PRONOUNCED DEFORMATION ZONE
AND INCREASING THETAE AXIS FROM 06-12Z ACROSS EASTERN HALF OF CWA.
EXPECT THUNDER TO CONTINUE THRU THE NIGHT WITH DECENT QPF AMOUNTS
UPWARDS OF 1 INCH IN SOME OF THE HVR STORMS AS SFC LOW NOW IN
EASTERN CO AS LOW TRACKS EAST INTO SOUTHEAST IOWA BY 12Z TUES. WRF
MODEL HAS INITIATION BEGINNING 00 THIS EVE OVER NW IOWA. PREFER
GFS/RUC SOLN PLACEMENT FARTHER SOUTH AS SFC WINDS CONTINUE TO BACK
TO THE NORTHEAST ACROSS CENTRAL IA ATTM WITH INITIATION ALSO AROUND
THE 23 TO 01Z HOUR. ALSO...MOISTURE CONVERGENCE LOOKS TO BE
MAXIMIZED OVER SOUTHEAST NEBRASKA AT START...WITH SOME CU ALREADY
DEVELOPING THERE AT 18Z THIS AFTERNOON. GFS BUFR SOUNDINGS FOR THE
AFTERNOON EVE CONTINUE TO SHOW BEST INSTABILITY WILL BE I80 SOUTH
WITH LIMITED TO NO INSTABILITY NORTH OF US 20. THUS...ATTM FEEL BEST
SVR THREAT OVER THE SOUTHERN HALF OF THE AREA FOR THIS EVENING AND
OVERNIGHT HOURS. SOUNDINGS SHOW LITTLE SFC BASED ISSUES OVER
SOUTHERN IOWA...ALONG THE SOUTHERN TIER ONE BORDER...SOME HINT AT
SFC BASED POSSIBLE LATE THIS EVENING AND THROUGH 06Z. AFTER THE LOW
TRACKS EAST TUESDAY...PRESSURE RISES AND STRONG GRADIENT MAKE FOR A
BREEZY DAY WITH WIND ADV PROBABLE OVER PORTIONS OF THE CWA FOR
TUESDAY. BOUNDARY LAYER WILL REMAIN WELL MIXED DURING THE NIGHT
HOURS FOR TUESDAY NIGHT AND WED...WITH WINDS TO 30 MPH FOR AN
EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME.

.LONG TERM /TUESDAY THROUGH MONDAY/...
REMAINDER OF THE PACKAGE LOOKS SIMILAR TO THE PAST FEW DAYS MODEL
RUNS. COLDER TEMPS WILL BE THE NORM WITH LITTLE CHANGE THROUGH THE
WEEKEND. THOUGH HIGH PRESSURE WILL BE BUILDING ACROSS THE AREA
...SUFFICIENT ENERGY ROTATING AROUND THE PARENT H500 LOW OVER
EASTERN CANADA AND THE GREAT LAKES WILL PROVIDE FOR REINFORCING
SHOTS OF COLD AIR ACROSS THE UPPER MIDWEST AND CENTRAL PLAINS. AT
WORST...EXPECT SOME CLOUDS/FLURRIES/SPRINKLES WITH THIS PATTERN
THOUGH ATTM...DIFFICULT TO PEG HOW FAR WEST/SOUTH TO EXTEND.
NORTHEAST WOULD BE MOST IN LINE FOR ANY PERSISTENT ACTIVITY.
GEM/EURO STILL HAVE THE NOD AS FOR TIMING AND HAVE CONTINUED COOL
PATTERN AND TEMPS THROUGH 7 DAY PERIOD AS LITTLE CHANCE THAT H500
TROUGH WILL BE MOVING EAST WITH BLOCKING FLOW IN PLACE.  THUS...MADE
LITTLE CHANGES TO OUT PERIODS OTHER THAN A FEW TEMP MODIFICATIONS
SINCE YESTERDAY.

&&

.DMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE.

&&

REV

Hazardous weather outlook, Apr 2, 9:18 PM CDT, 5 hours 53 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
918 PM CDT MON APR 2 2007

IAZ004>007-015>017-023>028-033>039-044>050-057>062-070>075-
081>086-092>097-032045-
EMMET-KOSSUTH-WINNEBAGO-WORTH-PALO ALTO-HANCOCK-CERRO GORDO-
POCAHONTAS-HUMBOLDT-WRIGHT-FRANKLIN-BUTLER-BREMER-SAC-CALHOUN-
WEBSTER-HAMILTON-HARDIN-GRUNDY-BLACK HAWK-CRAWFORD-CARROLL-GREENE-
BOONE-STORY-MARSHALL-TAMA-AUDUBON-GUTHRIE-DALLAS-POLK-JASPER-
POWESHIEK-CASS-ADAIR-MADISON-WARREN-MARION-MAHASKA-ADAMS-UNION-
CLARKE-LUCAS-MONROE-WAPELLO-TAYLOR-RINGGOLD-DECATUR-WAYNE-
APPANOOSE-DAVIS-
918 PM CDT MON APR 2 2007

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR ALL OF CENTRAL IOWA.

.DAY ONE...TONIGHT

NUMEROUS THUNDERSTORMS NORTH OF U.S. HIGHWAY 30 CAN BE EXPECTED
THROUGH 4 OR 5 AM.  HAIL...UP TO GOLF BALL SIZE...WILL BE THE MAIN
THREAT WITH THESE STORMS WITH A SECONDARY THREAT FOR HIGH WIND.
AFTER MIDNIGHT...AN AREA OF STRONG TO SEVERE STORMS WILL MOVE IN OUT
OF NEBRASKA FROM U.S. HIGHWAY 30 SOUTH.  THESE STORMS WILL ADVANCE
EAST ACROSS THE SOUTH HALF OF THE STATE THROUGH THE NIGHT.  THE MAIN
THREAT FROM THESE STORMS WILL BE HAIL AND HIGH WINDS...WITH A LOW
THREAT FOR ISOLATED TORNADOES.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY

SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE SOUTHEAST OF A
WATERLOO...DES MOINES...TO LAMONI LINE IN THE MORNING TUESDAY.
THESE STORMS ARE NOT EXPECTED TO BE SEVERE.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED OVER MUCH OF THE STATE TONIGHT.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Apr 3, 1:54 AM CDT, 1 hour 17 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
154 AM CDT TUE APR 03 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0150 AM     HAIL             5 S ATLANTIC            41.33N 95.01W
04/03/2007  E0.88 INCH       CASS               IA   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

CCOGIL

Local storm report, Apr 3, 2:09 AM CDT, 1 hour 2 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
209 AM CDT TUE APR 03 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0206 AM     HAIL             E STEAMBOAT ROCK        42.41N 93.07W
04/03/2007  E0.88 INCH       HARDIN             IA   LAW ENFORCEMENT

&&

PODRAZIK

Local storm report, Apr 3, 2:22 AM CDT, 49 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
222 AM CDT TUE APR 03 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0211 AM     TSTM WND GST     ADAIR                   41.50N 94.64W
04/03/2007  M61 MPH          ADAIR              IA   MESONET

&&

RKINNEY

Local storm report, Apr 3, 2:28 AM CDT, 43 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
228 AM CDT TUE APR 03 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0225 AM     HAIL             N WELLSBURG             42.44N 92.93W
04/03/2007  E0.88 INCH       GRUNDY             IA   TRAINED SPOTTER

            WELLSBURG FIRE DEPARTMENT REPORTED NICKEL SIZE HAIL OR
            GREATER.

&&

PODRAZIK

Local storm report, Apr 3, 2:52 AM CDT, 19 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
252 AM CDT TUE APR 03 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0240 AM     HAIL             DALLAS CENTER           41.68N 93.98W
04/03/2007  M0.75 INCH       DALLAS             IA   TRAINED SPOTTER

&&

PODRAZIK

Local storm report, Apr 3, 3:00 AM CDT, 11 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA
300 AM CDT TUE APR 03 2007

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0256 AM     HAIL             SAYLORVILLE             41.68N 93.63W
04/03/2007  M0.88 INCH       POLK               IA   LAW ENFORCEMENT

&&

PODRAZIK

The office that day

Everything else NWS Des Moines, IA issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Apr 2, 9:02 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Humboldt, Webster, Wright	43 min
Apr 2, 9:20 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Hamilton	40 min
Apr 2, 9:24 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Franklin	36 min
Apr 2, 9:34 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Webster	41 min
Apr 2, 9:41 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Grundy	34 min
Apr 2, 9:45 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Wright	45 min
Apr 2, 9:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Calhoun	55 min
Apr 2, 9:57 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Hardin	33 min
Apr 2, 9:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Hamilton	46 min
Apr 2, 10:02 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Franklin	43 min
Apr 2, 10:20 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Black Hawk	40 min
Apr 2, 10:28 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Hardin	47 min
Apr 2, 10:33 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Sac	42 min
Apr 2, 10:44 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Franklin	46 min
Apr 2, 10:47 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Hamilton	43 min
Apr 2, 10:49 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Grundy	41 min
Apr 2, 10:55 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Webster	65 min
Apr 2, 10:58 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Black Hawk	47 min
Apr 3, 1:38 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Cass	37 min
Apr 3, 1:44 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Audubon, Carroll, Crawford	46 min
Apr 3, 2:13 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Hardin	47 min
Apr 3, 2:20 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Dallas, Guthrie	40 min
Apr 3, 2:23 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Greene	37 min
Apr 3, 2:27 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Grundy	33 min
Apr 3, 2:32 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Polk	43 min
Apr 3, 3:04 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Decatur, Ringgold	41 min
Apr 3, 3:27 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Lucas	48 min
Apr 3, 3:38 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Marion	37 min
Apr 3, 3:45 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Decatur, Wayne	42 min
Apr 3, 3:56 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Monroe	49 min
Apr 3, 4:02 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Mahaska	43 min
Apr 3, 4:44 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	DMX	Davis	46 min
Apr 3, 2:05 PM CDT	Wind Advisory	DMX	Appanoose, Black Hawk, Boone, Bremer, Butler, Calhoun and 34 more	17 hr

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Iowa, 2007 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2007

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.