Alert archive / Mississippi / Tornado Warnings in 2006

Tornado Warning 47, NWS Jackson, MS

April 7, 2006Sunflower County, Mississippi

NWS Jackson, MS issued this tornado warning at Apr 7, 2006, 9:37 PM CDT for Sunflower County, Mississippi. It was in force for 23 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Apr 7, 2006, 9:37 PM CDT (02:37 UTC)
Expired: Apr 7, 2006, 10:00 PM CDT
In force: 23 min
Issued by: NWS Jackson, MS
Area: Counties, with a storm outline in the text

County Sunflower County, MS

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this tornado warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Apr 7, 7:28 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	9 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Little Rock, AR (KLZK), launched 00:00Z, 2.6 hours before the alert went out and 125 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 5 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -7 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 2850 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 60 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 39 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: -35 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WFUS54 KJAN 080237
TORJAN
MSC133-080300-
/O.NEW.KJAN.TO.W.0047.060408T0237Z-060408T0300Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
937 PM CDT FRI APR 7 2006

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN JACKSON HAS ISSUED A

* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
  NORTHEASTERN SUNFLOWER COUNTY IN NORTHWEST MISSISSIPPI
  THIS INCLUDES THE CITIES OF...RULEVILLE...DREW

* UNTIL 1000 PM CDT

* AT 937 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A TORNADO 13 MILES WEST OF
  RULEVILLE...OR ABOUT NEAR CLEVELAND...MOVING EAST AT 40 MPH.

* THE TORNADO IS EXPECTED TO BE NEAR...
  RULEVILLE BY 950 PM CDT...
  DREW BY 955 PM CDT...

SEEK SHELTER ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF THE BUILDING IN AN INTERIOR
HALLWAY OR ROOM SUCH AS A CLOSET. USE BLANKETS OR PILLOWS TO COVER
YOUR BODY AND ALWAYS STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

IF IN MOBILE HOMES OR VEHICLES...EVACUATE THEM AND GET INSIDE A
SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER. IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...LIE FLAT IN THE
NEAREST DITCH OR OTHER LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD WITH YOUR HANDS.

LAT...LON 3388 9047 3387 9045 3374 9047 3371 9054
      3371 9057 3368 9062 3368 9066 3398 9064
      3398 9047

$$

DHB

1 follow-up statement

000 
WWUS54 KJAN 080252
SVSJAN

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
952 PM CDT FRI APR 7 2006

MSC133-080300-
/O.CON.KJAN.TO.W.0047.000000T0000Z-060408T0300Z/
SUNFLOWER MS-
952 PM CDT FRI APR 7 2006

...A TORNADO WARNING CONTINUES UNTIL 1000 PM CDT FOR SUNFLOWER
COUNTY...

AT 949 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO
INDICATE A TORNADO.  THIS TORNADO WAS LOCATED NEAR INDIANOLA...MOVING
NORTHEAST AT 70 MPH.

SEEK SHELTER ON THE LOWEST FLOOR OF THE BUILDING IN AN INTERIOR
HALLWAY OR ROOM SUCH AS A CLOSET. USE BLANKETS OR PILLOWS TO COVER
YOUR BODY AND ALWAYS STAY AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

IF IN MOBILE HOMES OR VEHICLES...EVACUATE THEM AND GET INSIDE A
SUBSTANTIAL SHELTER. IF NO SHELTER IS AVAILABLE...LIE FLAT IN THE
NEAREST DITCH OR OTHER LOW SPOT AND COVER YOUR HEAD WITH YOUR HANDS.

LAT...LON 3388 9047 3387 9045 3374 9047 3335 9047
      3336 9056 3330 9058 3330 9069 3398 9064
      3398 9047

$$

DHB

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this tornado warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Jackson, MS wrote its last area forecast discussion before this tornado warning went out at Apr 7, 4:25 PM CDT, 5 hours 12 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Apr 7, 4:25 PM CDT, 5 hours 12 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
425 PM CDT FRI APR 7 2006

.DISCUSSION...
NO NEED FOR CHANGES TO THE SHORT TERM...THE FORECAST IS ON TRACK.
THE MODELS HAVE SOME SUBTLE DIFFERENCES...BUT OVERALL STILL LOOKS
LIKE THE UPPER LOW WILL CONTINUE TO DIG SOUTH. STRONG SOUTHERLY WINDS
CONTINUE TO BRING MOISTURE INTO THE REGION...DEWPOINTS ACTUALLY
CLIMBED INTO THE MID AND UPPER 70S. RUC ANALYSIS SHOWS 3 HOUR
PRESSURE FALLS FROM 3-4MB ACROSS THE AREA AND SURFACE LI VALUES WERE
FROM 6-7C FROM JAN TO GLH...IN THE AREA WHERE STORMS HAVE DEVELOPED.
THE BEST MOISTURE WAS ALSO IN THE SAME GENERAL AREA. SUPERCELLS HAVE
STARTED TO DEVELOP...MAINLY OVER THE DELTA...WHERE THEY WERE EXPECTED
TO DEVELOP INITIALLY. TRAINING STORMS MAY BRING THE FLASH FLOOD
PROBLEMS PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT ALSO. THE CAP CONTINUES TO ERODE...SO THE
ACTIVITY WILL INCREASE QUICKLY TO THE SOUTH AND EAST. THE LATEST SOUNDING
SHOWS STEEP LAPSE RATES...A 45KT LLJ AND AT LEAST 45KTS OF SHEAR.
HOWEVER MODEL SOUNDINGS MAINTAIN A CAP OVER THE SOUTHEAST UNTIL 3Z.
SO EXPECTING THE AXIS TO SHIFT SOUTHEAST INTO THE CENTRAL PORTIONS
OF THE CWA BY 6PM AND INTO THE EASTERN ZONES AROUND 8-9 PM. WITH
STORMS DEVELOPING LATER THAN EXPECTED...NOT SURE ACTIVITY WILL END
SHORTLY AFTER MIDNIGHT. HELD STORMS THROUGH MIDNIGHT FOR THE CENTRAL
AND EAST AND A FEW SHOWERS THROUGH THE MORNING FOR THE EAST.
BASICALLY THE FORECAST HAS HANDLED THIS SYSTEM WELL FOR THE LAST FEW
DAYS...SO NEED FOR ADJUSTMENTS.

NO MAJOR CHANGES MADE TO THE GOING LONG TERM FORECAST.

LONG TERM MODELS AND ENSEMBLE SOLUTIONS REMAIN IN DECENT AGREEMENT
THAT THE ARKLAMISS REGION WILL GENERALLY BE AWAY FROM THE FIRING
LINES OF UPPER JET ENERGY THROUGH NEXT FRIDAY. THAT SAID...A FAST
MOVING DISTURBANCE WILL TRY TO MAKE HEADWAY INTO THE TOP END OF AN
UPPER RIDGE PROTECTING THE AREA BY WEDNESDAY. THIS FEATURE...IN
COMBINATION WITH A LITTLE MOISTURE TRYING TO SNEAK IN FROM THE
ARKLATEX...MAY BE ENOUGH TO GET SOME CONVECTION GOING (ESPECIALLY UP
NORTH). THE UPPER RIDGE MAY REMAIN A LITTLE DIRTY THROUGH THE
REMAINDER OF NEXT WEEK IN THE WAKE OF THIS INITIAL DISTURBANCE...AND
WILL THEREFORE KEEP THE LOW AND SPORADIC POPS THE 00Z MEX
ADVERTISED.

OTHERWISE...EXPECT GENERALLY PARTLY CLOUDY (TO SOMETIMES MOSTLY
CLEAR) SKIES THROUGH THE BULK OF THE EXTENDED PERIOD. TEMPERATURES
WILL TEND A HAIR BELOW NORMAL THE FIRST PART OF NEXT WEEK WITH
SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE IN CONTROL...BUT EXPECT A MODERATION UP TO
NORMAL LEVELS (HIGHS NEAR 80/LOWS NEAR 60) DURING THE LATTER HALF OF
THE PERIOD. REMAINED ALMOST RIGHT WITH 00Z MEX FOR ALL TEMPS. /BB/

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
JACKSON       62  70  43  71 /  85   7   0   0
MERIDIAN      63  74  41  74 / 100  19   0   0
VICKSBURG     61  69  44  71 /  60   5   0   0
HATTIESBURG   67  75  44  75 /  60  13   0   0
NATCHEZ       61  70  44  71 /  48   4   0   0
GREENVILLE    59  65  40  68 /  71   5   0   0
GREENWOOD     60  65  40  70 /  85   9   0   0

&&

.JAN WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
MS...NONE.
LA...NONE.
AR...NONE.
&&

07/50

Hazardous weather outlook, Apr 7, 3:34 PM CDT, 6 hours 3 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
334 PM CDT FRI APR 07 2006

ARZ074-075-LAZ007>009-015-016-023>026-MSZ018-019-025>066-072>074-
082034-
ADAMS-ASHLEY-ATTALA-BOLIVAR-CARROLL-CATAHOULA-CHICOT-CHOCTAW-
CLAIBORNE-CLARKE-CLAY-CONCORDIA-COPIAH-COVINGTON-EAST CARROLL-
FORREST-FRANKLIN LA-FRANKLIN MS-GRENADA-HINDS-HOLMES-HUMPHREYS-
ISSAQUENA-JASPER-JEFFERSON-JEFFERSON DAVIS-JONES-KEMPER-LAMAR-
LAUDERDALE-LAWRENCE-LEAKE-LEFLORE-LINCOLN-LOWNDES-MADISON LA-
MADISON MS-MARION-MONTGOMERY-MOREHOUSE-NESHOBA-NEWTON-NOXUBEE-
OKTIBBEHA-RANKIN-RICHLAND-SCOTT-SHARKEY-SIMPSON-SMITH-SUNFLOWER-
TENSAS-WARREN-WASHINGTON-WEBSTER-WEST CARROLL-WINSTON-YAZOO-
334 PM CDT FRI APR 07 2006

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI...
NORTHEAST LOUISIANA...AND EXTREME SOUTHEAST ARKANSAS

.DAY ONE...TONIGHT AND SATURDAY...

...THUNDERSTORMS...
A FEW DISTURBANCES MOVING ACROSS THE REGION HAVE SET THE STAGE
FOR A SEVERE WEATHER OUTBREAK THROUGH TONIGHT. THE MAIN CONCERNS
WILL BE VERY LARGE HAIL...DESTRUCTIVE WINDS AND TORNADOES. SEVERE
THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE FOR THE ENTIRE OUTLOOK
AREA...HOWEVER LOCATIONS ALONG A LINE FROM RAYVILLE
LOUISIANA...TO YAZOO CITY TO GOLDEN TRIANGLE ARE IN A MORE
FAVORABLE POSITION FOR TORNADO DEVELOPMENT LATE THIS AFTERNOON
AND EVENING.

THUNDERSTORMS WERE DEVELOPING JUST WEST AND NORTHWEST OF THE
OUTLOOK AREA...AHEAD OF AN APPROACHING LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM AND
COLD FRONT. AN AXIS OF MOISTURE AND INSTABILITY HAS SETTLED TO
THE NORTH AND WEST AND WILL BE THE FOCUS FOR THUNDERSTORM
DEVELOPMENT THIS AFTERNOON. SUPERCELLS WILL DEVELOP AND TRACK
EAST AND NORTHEAST THROUGH THE REGION. BASEBALL OR LARGER
HAIL...DESTRUCTIVE LONG TRACK TORNADOES AND DAMAGING WINDS WILL
BE POSSIBLE WITH ANY STORM.

AS THE STORM SYSTEM BARRELS THROUGH THE CENTRAL STATES...THE
ENVIRONMENT WILL BECOME MORE FAVORABLE FOR THE EASTERN PORTIONS
OF THE AREA. THE GREATEST RISK FOR TORNADOES WILL SHIFT TO AREAS
EAST OF INTERSTATE 55 AND NORTH OF INTERSTATE 20. IN ADDITION TO
LONG TRACK TORNADOES...LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS WILL REMAIN
A CONCERN.

LATER THIS EVENING...A LINE OF STORMS WILL LIKELY DEVELOP ALONG
AND AHEAD OF THE COLD FRONT. AS THE LINE OF STORMS SWINGS THROUGH
CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI...MORE LARGE HAIL AND DAMAGING WINDS WILL BE
POSSIBLE.

EVERYONE IS STRONGLY ENCOURAGED TO MONITOR THE LATEST FORECASTS
AND STATEMENTS ON THIS POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS AND LIFE THREATENING
WEATHER SITUATION.

...FLOODING...
THERE IS A RISK OF FLASH FLOODING AND HEAVY RAIN THIS EVENING
ACROSS THE OUTLOOK AREA. PLENTY OF MOISTURE IS FLOW INTO THE
REGION. ANY THUNDERSTORMS THAT DEVELOP WILL BE CAPABLE OF
PRODUCING HEAVY RAINFALL IN SHORT PERIOD OF TIME. IN
ADDITION...SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS MOVING OVER THE SAME AREAS
MAY LEAD TO PONDING OF WATER ON ROADWAYS AND OTHER LOW LYING
AREAS. FLASH FLOODING WILL BE POSSIBLE FOR THE ENTIRE
AREA...HOWEVER STORMS TRACKING ACROSS THE SAME AREAS IS MORE
LIKELY FOR NORTHEAST MISSISSIPPI.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY NIGHT THROUGH FRIDAY...

NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME.

.SPOTTER CALL TO ACTION STATEMENT...
THE ACTIVATION OF STORM SPOTTERS...HAM RADIO OPERATORS...AND
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL...IN SUPPORT OF SEVERE WEATHER
OPERATIONS WILL BE NEEDED THROUGH TONIGHT.

FOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT
WWW.SRH.NOAA.GOV/JAN. THIS INCLUDES THE GRAPHICAL HAZARDOUS
WEATHER OUTLOOK.

In the hours before

Local storm report, Apr 7, 7:10 PM CDT, 2 hours 27 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
710 PM CDT FRI APR 07 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0624 PM     HAIL             CARROLLTON              33.50N 89.92W
04/07/2006  E1.75 INCH       CARROLL            MS   EMERGENCY MNGR

            PENNY TO GOLF BALL SIZED HAIL, MANY CAR WINDOWS DAMAGED
            AND WINDOWS BLOWN OUT OF MOBILE HOME.

0424 PM     HAIL             2 S CLEVELAND           33.71N 90.73W
04/07/2006  E0.25 INCH       BOLIVAR            MS   EMERGENCY MNGR

&&

19

Local storm report, Apr 7, 7:17 PM CDT, 2 hours 20 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
717 PM CDT FRI APR 07 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0706 PM     FUNNEL CLOUD     2 N WALTHALL            33.64N 89.28W
04/07/2006                   WEBSTER            MS   EMERGENCY MNGR

            FUNNEL CLOUD REPORTED NORTH OF WALTHALL HEADED TOWARDS
            MANTEE.

&&

19

Local storm report, Apr 7, 7:37 PM CDT, 2 hours before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
737 PM CDT FRI APR 07 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0706 PM     TSTM WND DMG     2 W OAK GROVE           32.86N 91.43W
04/07/2006                   WEST CARROLL       LA   PUBLIC

            TREE DOWN ON HWY 2 AND MAJOR ROOF DAMAGE ON A HOUSE AT
            THE INTERSECTION OF HWY2 AND HWY597

&&

19

Local storm report, Apr 7, 8:04 PM CDT, 1 hour 33 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
804 PM CDT FRI APR 07 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0740 PM     HAIL             3 SW CLEVELAND          33.71N 90.76W
04/07/2006  E1.75 INCH       BOLIVAR            MS   EMERGENCY MNGR

            EM REPORTED GOLFBALL SIZED HAIL

&&

19

Local storm report, Apr 7, 8:15 PM CDT, 1 hour 22 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
815 PM CDT FRI APR 07 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0800 PM     HAIL             5 SW DREW               33.76N 90.59W
04/07/2006  E0.88 INCH       SUNFLOWER          MS   PUBLIC

&&

19

Local storm report, Apr 7, 9:17 PM CDT, 20 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JACKSON MS
917 PM CDT FRI APR 07 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0916 PM     HAIL             1 W LAKE VILLAGE        33.32N 91.30W
04/07/2006  M1.75 INCH       CHICOT             AR   EMERGENCY MNGR

&&

CAMPBELL

The office that day

Everything else NWS Jackson, MS issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Apr 7, 7:23 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Issaquena, Sharkey, Washington	52 min
Apr 7, 7:27 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Bolivar, Sunflower	49 min
Apr 7, 7:49 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Grenada	24 min
Apr 7, 8:58 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	JAN	Bolivar	47 min
Apr 7, 9:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Sunflower, Washington	61 min
Apr 7, 9:53 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	JAN	Leflore	49 min
Apr 7, 10:21 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	JAN	Carroll	39 min
Apr 7, 10:24 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Grenada	66 min
Apr 7, 10:42 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Holmes, Humphreys	11 min
Apr 7, 10:50 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Montgomery, Webster	55 min
Apr 7, 11:00 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Carroll	15 min
Apr 7, 11:16 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Clay	44 min
Apr 7, 11:34 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Oktibbeha	41 min
Apr 7, 11:44 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	JAN	Oktibbeha	31 min
Apr 7, 11:56 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	JAN	Clay, Lowndes	49 min
Apr 8, 12:01 AM CDT	Tornado Warning	JAN	Noxubee	44 min
Apr 8, 12:12 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Issaquena	48 min
Apr 8, 12:56 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Kemper, Noxubee	49 min
Apr 8, 12:58 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Issaquena, Sharkey	47 min
Apr 8, 1:03 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Kemper, Lauderdale, Neshoba, Newton	57 min
Apr 8, 1:13 AM CDT	Tornado Warning	JAN	Kemper, Noxubee	32 min
Apr 8, 1:40 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Claiborne, Warren	35 min
Apr 8, 1:41 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Clarke, Jasper, Lauderdale	49 min
Apr 8, 2:11 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Hinds	49 min
Apr 8, 2:12 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Kemper	33 min
Apr 8, 2:23 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	JAN	Madison	54 min
Apr 8, 4:12 AM CDT	Lake Wind Advisory	JAN	Adams, Bolivar, Carroll, Claiborne, Copiah, Franklin and 14 more	17 hr

Nearby

Tornado Warnings in Mississippi, 2006 Every tornado warning in 2006 Tornadoes in 2006

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive.