Alert archive / Alabama / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2006

Severe Thunderstorm Warning 101, NWS Birmingham, AL

April 19, 2006Randolph County, Alabama

NWS Birmingham, AL issued this severe thunderstorm warning at Apr 19, 2006, 3:05 PM CDT for Randolph County, Alabama. It was in force for 40 min. 4 reports came from inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued, with what was reported inside it.

The facts

Issued: Apr 19, 2006, 3:05 PM CDT (20:05 UTC)
Expired: Apr 19, 2006, 3:45 PM CDT
In force: 40 min
Issued by: NWS Birmingham, AL
Area: Counties, with a storm outline in the text

County Randolph County, AL

The radar

The Atlanta radar (KFFC), 79 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 20:06 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

What was reported inside it

Time	Report	Where	Remark
Apr 19, 3:07 PM CDT	HAIL 1.75	3 Ne Newell, AL	GOLF BALL SIZED HAIL BETWEEN NEWELL AND GRAHAM.
Apr 19, 3:19 PM CDT	HAIL 0.88	3 N Roanoke, AL	NICKEL SIZED HAIL JUST NORTH OF ROANOKE.
Apr 19, 3:20 PM CDT	HAIL 1	3 E Roanoke, AL	QUARTER SIZED HAIL COVERING THE GROUND JUST EAST OF ROANOKE.
Apr 19, 3:30 PM CDT	HAIL 2.5	Woodland, AL	TENNIS BALL SIZED HAIL REPORTED IN WOODLAND.

Local storm reports filed while the alert was in force, from inside its polygon or its counties.

Did it verify

Verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow matched 3 storm reports to this severe thunderstorm warning; the first came 2 minutes after it went out.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The watch it was issued in

The SPC watch in force over the same counties when this warning went out.

Issued	Product	Office	Lasted
Apr 19, 9:59 AM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Watch	SPC	6 hr
Apr 19, 2:54 PM CDT	Tornado Watch	SPC	6 hr

The nearest sounding before it

Peachtre/Fal Fld, GA (KFFC), launched 12:00Z, 8.1 hours before the alert went out and 85 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-p

Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.

Hodograph

The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.

Mixed-layer CAPE: 373 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN: -147 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL: 584 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear: 35 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity: 12 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity: 37 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter: 0.0
Supercell composite: 0.3

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WUUS54 KBMX 192006 RRA
SVRBMX
ALC111-192045-
/O.NEW.KBMX.SV.W.0101.060419T2005Z-060419T2045Z/

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
305 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN BIRMINGHAM HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
  RANDOLPH COUNTY IN EAST CENTRAL ALABAMA
  THIS INCLUDES THE CITY OF ROANOKE

* UNTIL 345 PM CDT

* AT 305 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
  SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL.  THIS
  STORM WAS LOCATED 11 MILES NORTH OF WEDOWEE...OR ABOUT 13 MILES
  SOUTH OF HEFLIN...AND MOVING SOUTH AT 5 MPH.

* OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO
  WOODLAND.

LAT...LON 3313 8564 3347 8563 3350 8562 3349 8535
      3350 8534 3348 8531 3324 8527 3318 8525
      3314 8525 3314 8525

$$

10/ARM

1 follow-up statement

000 
WWUS54 KBMX 192012
SVSBMX

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
312 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

ALC111-192045-
/O.CON.KBMX.SV.W.0101.000000T0000Z-060419T2045Z/
RANDOLPH AL-
312 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 345 PM CDT
FOR RANDOLPH COUNTY...

AT 312 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO 
INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING GOLF BALL SIZE 
HAIL.  THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 8 MILES NORTHWEST OF WOODLAND...OR 
ABOUT 13 MILES SOUTHEAST OF HEFLIN...MOVING SOUTH AT 5 MPH.

A SECOND THUNDERSTORM LOCATED OVER THE SOUTHERN PORTION OF THE 
COUNTY BETWEEN WEDOWEE AND ROANOKE IS ALSO CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 
QUARTER TO GOLF BALL SIZE HAIL.

OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO WEDOWEE
AND ROANOKE.

THIS IS A DANGEROUS STORM. IF YOU ARE IN ITS PATH...PREPARE 
IMMEDIATELY FOR DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...AND DEADLY CLOUD TO GROUND 
LIGHTNING. PEOPLE OUTSIDE SHOULD MOVE TO A SHELTER...PREFERABLY 
INSIDE A STRONG BUILDING BUT AWAY FROM WINDOWS.

LAT...LON 3313 8564 3347 8563 3350 8562 3349 8535
      3350 8534 3348 8531 3324 8527 3318 8525
      3314 8525 3314 8525

$$

10/ARM

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Birmingham, AL wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at Apr 19, 2:55 PM CDT, 10 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Apr 19, 2:55 PM CDT, 10 minutes before

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
255 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

.SHORT TERM...TONIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT.
IMPULSE ACROSS WESTERN ALABAMA WILL MOVE ACROSS THROUGH THE EVENING
HOURS.  THERE COULD BE SOME ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOME STORMS
MAY BE SEVERE.  WILL INCLUDE MAINLY ISOLATED TO SCATTERED WORDING.
ON THURSDAY MODELS INDICATE ANOTHER IMPULSE MOVING INTO THE AREA
NEAR MID DAY AND MOVING THROUGH DURING THE LATE AFTERNOON HOURS.
WILL FORECAST POPS IN THE CATEGORY WITH THE HIGHEST POPS WEST.
A FEW STORMS COULD BE SEVERE GIVEN THE UPPER SUPPORT...COLD
POOL ALOFT AND STEEP LAPSE RATES.  ACTIVITY SHOULD DIMINISH LATER
THURSDAY EVENING.  OVERNIGHT LOWS EACH NIGHT IN THE 60S...HIGHS
THURSDAY IN THE 80S.

FRIDAY AND FRIDAY NIGHT...INCREASING SOUTHERLY FLOW AND MUCH
STRONGER UPPER SUPPORT WILL MOVE INTO AND ACROSS THE AREA.  MODELS
DEPICT IMPRESSIVE MID LEVEL SHORT WAVE AND INCREASING VERTICAL
MOTION ESPECIALLY LATE AFTERNOON AND EVENING.  WILL FORECAST LIKELY
POPS NORTHWEST FRIDAY AND MAINLY CHANCE POPS ELSEWHERE.  HIGHEST
POPS WILL BE FRIDAY NIGHT AS UPPER SUPPORT MOVES THROUGH WITH
CATEGORICAL POPS NORTH AND LIKELY POPS SOUTH.  HIGHS FRIDAY 80 TO
85 AND THEN LOWS AT NIGHT 50S NORTH AND 60S SOUTH.

SATURDAY THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT...SYSTEM WILL EXIT THE AREA SATURDAY
MORNING AND MUCH OF THE WEEKEND WILL BE RAIN FREE AND SLIGHTLY COOLER
AS WEAK HIGH PRESSURE BUILDS IN.  HIGH TEMPERATURES UPPER 70S NORTH
TO LOWER 80S SOUTH WITH OVERNIGHT LOWS IN THE 50S.

.LONG TERM...MONDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY.
SOUTHWEST FLOW ALOFT AND SEVERAL IMPULSES MOVING INTO AND ACROSS
THE AREA WILL CONTINUE THROUGH EXTENDED PERIOD.  WILL GENERALLY
KEEP A CHANCE OF SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS...ESPECIALLY DURING THE
PEAK HEATING HOURS.  HIGHS IN THE UPPER 70S NORTH AND LOWER 80S
SOUTH.  OVERNIGHT LOWS MAINLY IN THE 50S.

&&

.PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS...
GADSDEN     61  82  61  80 /  30  40  30  40
ANNISTON    63  84  62  82 /  30  40  30  30
BIRMINGHAM  65  83  64  81 /  20  50  30  40
TUSCALOOSA  64  85  63  83 /  20  50  30  50
CALERA      64  84  62  82 /  20  30  20  30
AUBURN      65  85  65  83 /  30  30  20  20
MONTGOMERY  64  88  63  84 /  10  30  20  20
TROY        62  87  64  84 /  30  30  20  20

&&

.BMX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
AL...NONE.

&&

50

Hazardous weather outlook, Apr 19, 2:30 PM CDT, 35 minutes before

HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
230 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

ALZ011>015-017>050-201930-
AUTAUGA-BARBOUR-BIBB-BLOUNT-BULLOCK-CALHOUN-CHAMBERS-CHEROKEE-
CHILTON-CLAY-CLEBURNE-COOSA-DALLAS-ELMORE-ETOWAH-FAYETTE-GREENE-HALE-
JEFFERSON-LAMAR-LEE-LOWNDES-MACON-MARENGO-MARION-MONTGOMERY-PERRY-
PICKENS-PIKE-RANDOLPH-RUSSELL-SHELBY-ST CLAIR-SUMTER-TALLADEGA-
TALLAPOOSA-TUSCALOOSA-WALKER-WINSTON-
230 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE COUNTIES SERVED BY
THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE IN BIRMINGHAM.

.DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT.

SCATTERED SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAN BE EXPECTED UNTIL 10 PM CDT...
MAINLY NORTHEAST OF A WARRIOR TO SYLACAUGA TO AUBURN LINE.
VERY LARGE HAIL UP TO THE SIZE OF SOFTBALLS IS THE MAIN HAZARD
WITH THE STORMS...THOUGH DAMAGING WINDS UP TO 70 MPH ARE POSSIBLE
AS WELL.  ADDITIONAL ISOLATED SEVERE STORMS ARE POSSIBLE THROUGH
10 PM CDT NORTH OF A DEMOPOLIS TO WETUMPKA TO EUFAULA LINE.

SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS WILL MAINLY DEVELOP AND EXIST ALONG
AN OLD OUTFLOW BOUNDARY STRETCHING ACROSS NORTHEAST AND EAST
CENTRAL ALABAMA.  WITH A VERY UNSTABLE AIRMASS IN PLACE...SOME OF
THESE STORMS WILL BE SEVERE WITH VERY LARGE HAIL AS THE MAIN HAZARD.
THESE STORMS WILL WEAKEN AND DIMINISH BETWEEN 9 PM CDT AND 11 PM CDT
WITH THE LOSS OF DAYTIME HEATING.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...THURSDAY THROUGH TUESDAY.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS CAN BE EXPECTED THURSDAY AFTERNOON AND
EVENING...THEN AGAIN FRIDAY INTO FRIDAY NIGHT.  LARGE HAIL AND
DAMAGING WINDS ARE THE MAIN HAZARDS.

ON THURSDAY...THE ATMOSPHERE ACROSS CENTRAL ALABAMA WILL REMAIN
MOIST AND UNSTABLE.  THIS ATMOSPHERE WILL BE CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT.  IN ADDITION...AN UPPER LEVEL
DISTURBANCE MOVING OVER THE REGION WILL PROVIDE EXTRA LIFT FOR
THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT.  ONCE AGAIN...THESE STORMS MAY DEVELOP
ANYWHERE ACROSS CENTRAL ALABAMA MAINLY DURING THE HEATING OF THE
DAY...BUT THE GREATEST THREAT WILL BE NORTH OF INTERSTATE 20.

ON FRIDAY AND FRIDAY NIGHT...A COLD FRONT WILL PUSH THROUGH
CENTRAL ALABAMA.  THE ATMOSPHERE AHEAD OF THIS FRONT WILL BE MOIST
AND UNSTABLE ACROSS ALL OF CENTRAL ALABAMA.  IN ADDITION...A STRONGER
UPPER LEVEL DISTURBANCE WILL BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FRONT AS IT
PUSHES THROUGH.  THIS SITUATION MAY PRODUCE MORE WIDESPREAD SEVERE
WEATHER IN THE FORM OF DAMAGING WINDS AND LARGE HAIL.  THE STORMS
WILL BEGIN BETWEEN 2 PM CDT AND 4 PM CDT IN NORTHWEST ALABAMA AND
MOVE SOUTHEASTWARD...GRADUALLY WEAKENING IN SOUTHEAST ALABAMA BY
EARLY SATURDAY MORNING.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

STORM SPOTTERS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL HAVE ACTIVATED AND
WILL BE REQUIRED THROUGH 9 PM CDT...MAINLY NORTHEAST OF A WARRIOR TO
AUBURN LINE.  ACTIVATION MAY BE REQUIRED THURSDAY AFTERNOON...AND
FRIDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING.  PLEASE STAY TUNED TO LATEST DETAILS
CONCERNING THESE POTENTIAL THUNDERSTORMS.

MBS/91

In the hours before

Local storm report, Apr 19, 2:06 PM CDT, 59 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
206 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0200 PM     HAIL             CENTRE                  34.15N 85.67W
04/19/2006  E1.00 INCH       CHEROKEE           AL   BROADCAST MEDIA

            QUARTER SIZED HAIL IN CENTRE.

&&

DCW

Special weather statement, Apr 19, 2:06 PM CDT, 59 minutes before

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
206 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

ALZ021-191930-
CLEBURNE-
206 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ALERT IN EFFECT FOR CLEBURNE COUNTY UNTIL 230
PM CDT...

AT 206 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
THUNDERSTORM OVER NORTHERN CLEBURNE COUNTY...MOVING SOUTH AT 25
MPH.

THIS THUNDERSTORM WILL AFFECT AREAS IN AND NEAR THROUGH 230 PM CDT.

THE PRIMARY THREAT FROM THESE STORMS IS SMALL HAIL. HAIL UP TO ONE
HALF INCH IN DIAMETER...IS POSSIBLE. IF YOU ARE OUTDOORS IN THE
VICINITY OF THESE STORMS...TAKE SHELTER NOW.

10/ARM

Local storm report, Apr 19, 2:17 PM CDT, 48 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
217 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0216 PM     HAIL             4 NE HOKES BLUFF        34.03N 85.81W
04/19/2006  E1.25 INCH       ETOWAH             AL   EMERGENCY MNGR

            GOLF BALL SIZED HAIL IN BALLPLAY.

&&

DCW

Local storm report, Apr 19, 2:38 PM CDT, 27 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
238 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0229 PM     HAIL             5 W PIEDMONT            33.93N 85.70W
04/19/2006  E1.75 INCH       CALHOUN            AL   BROADCAST MEDIA

            GOLF BALL SIZED HAIL NEAR THE CALHOUN...CHEROKEE AND
            ETOWAH COUNTY LINES.

&&

DCW

Local storm report, Apr 19, 2:40 PM CDT, 25 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
240 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0239 PM     HAIL             PIEDMONT                33.93N 85.62W
04/19/2006  E0.75 INCH       CALHOUN            AL   POST OFFICE

            PENNY SIZED HAIL IN PIEDMONT.

&&

DCW

Local storm report, Apr 19, 2:44 PM CDT, 21 minutes before

PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BIRMINGHAM AL
244 PM CDT WED APR 19 2006

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0236 PM     HAIL             2 N JACKSONVILLE        33.84N 85.76W
04/19/2006  E0.75 INCH       CALHOUN            AL   TRAINED SPOTTER

            PENNY SIZED HAIL JUST NORTH JACKSONVILLE.

0236 PM     HAIL             PIEDMONT                33.93N 85.62W
04/19/2006  E1.00 INCH       CALHOUN            AL   TRAINED SPOTTER

            QUARTER SIZED HAIL IN PIEDMONT.

&&

DCW

The office that day

Everything else NWS Birmingham, AL issued on the same UTC day.

Issued	Product	Office	Counties	Lasted
Apr 19, 12:13 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Cherokee	62 min
Apr 19, 1:11 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Cherokee	49 min
Apr 19, 2:00 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Cherokee	45 min
Apr 19, 2:17 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Calhoun	58 min
Apr 19, 2:18 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Etowah	25 min
Apr 19, 2:38 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Cleburne	67 min
Apr 19, 3:05 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Blount	55 min
Apr 19, 3:24 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Chambers	66 min
Apr 19, 3:25 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Cherokee	50 min
Apr 19, 3:34 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Etowah	41 min
Apr 19, 3:38 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Randolph	67 min
Apr 19, 3:41 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Cleburne	21 min
Apr 19, 3:59 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Blount	46 min
Apr 19, 4:06 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	St. Clair	69 min
Apr 19, 4:15 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Etowah	60 min
Apr 19, 4:26 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Chambers	49 min
Apr 19, 4:27 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Winston	33 min
Apr 19, 4:37 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Cherokee	38 min
Apr 19, 4:44 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Blount	61 min
Apr 19, 4:45 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Randolph	30 min
Apr 19, 5:04 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BMX	St. Clair	56 min
Apr 19, 5:14 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Chambers	21 min
Apr 19, 5:47 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Calhoun, Talladega	43 min
Apr 19, 5:47 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Blount	43 min
Apr 19, 5:55 PM CDT	Flash Flood Warning	BMX	Blount	3 hr
Apr 19, 5:59 PM CDT	Tornado Warning	BMX	St. Clair, Talladega	46 min
Apr 19, 6:26 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Clay	64 min
Apr 19, 6:30 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Blount	60 min
Apr 19, 6:35 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Shelby	40 min
Apr 19, 6:45 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Talladega	60 min
Apr 19, 6:49 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Jefferson	56 min
Apr 19, 6:57 PM CDT	Severe Thunderstorm Warning	BMX	Walker	20 min

Nearby

Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Alabama, 2006 Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2006

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; local storm reports from the same archive; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.