Alert archive / Wisconsin / Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in 2005
Severe Thunderstorm Warning 33, NWS Milwaukee, WI
NWS Milwaukee, WI issued this severe thunderstorm warning at May 6, 2005, 5:14 PM CDT for 4 counties in Wisconsin. It was in force for 48 min. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.
The area
The outline as issued.
The facts
- Issued
- May 6, 2005, 5:14 PM CDT (22:14 UTC)
- Expired
- May 6, 2005, 6:02 PM CDT
- In force
- 48 min
- Issued by
- NWS Milwaukee, WI
- Area
- Counties, with a storm outline in the text
Counties Fond du Lac County, WI, Ozaukee County, WI, Sheboygan County, WI, Washington County, WI
The radar
The Milwaukee radar (KMKX), 76 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 22:16 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.
Open the radar archive at this moment
The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.
Did it verify
Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this severe thunderstorm warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.
Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.
The nearest sounding before it
Green Bay/Straub, WI (KGRB), launched 12:00Z, 10.2 hours before the alert went out and 104 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 0 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- No buoyant parcel
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1679 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 28 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 29 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- -59 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.0
The text
As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.
000 WUUS53 KMKX 062214 SVRMKX WIC039-089-117-131-062300- /O.NEW.KMKX.SV.W.0033.050506T2214Z-050506T2300Z/ BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI 514 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN MILWAUKEE HAS ISSUED A * SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR... FOND DU LAC COUNTY IN EAST CENTRAL WISCONSIN SHEBOYGAN COUNTY IN EAST CENTRAL WISCONSIN WASHINGTON COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN OZAUKEE COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN * UNTIL 600 PM CDT * AT 512 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL SIZE HAIL. THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR CAMPBELLSPORT...OR ABOUT NEAR KEWASKUM...AND MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 25 MPH. * THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR... RANDOM LAKE AND NEWBURG AROUND 540 PM CDT... FREDONIA AROUND 545 PM CDT... BELGIUM...CEDAR GROVE AND SAUKVILLE AROUND 555 PM CDT... PORT WASHINGTON AROUND 600 PM CDT... THIS IS A DANGEROUS STORM. IF YOU ARE IN ITS PATH...PREPARE IMMEDIATELY FOR DAMAGING WINDS...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...AND DEADLY CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING. PEOPLE OUTSIDE SHOULD MOVE TO A SHELTER... PREFERABLY INSIDE A STRONG BUILDING BUT AWAY FROM WINDOWS. LAT...LON 4369 8825 4353 8835 4330 8776 4353 8762 $$ WOOD
4 follow-up statements
000 WWUS53 KMKX 062218 SVSMKX SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI 517 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 WIC039-089-117-131-062300- /O.CON.KMKX.SV.W.0033.000000T0000Z-050506T2300Z/ FOND DU LAC-SHEBOYGAN-WASHINGTON-OZAUKEE- 517 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 ...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING CONTINUES UNTIL 600 PM CDT FOR OZAUKEE...WASHINGTON...SHEBOYGAN AND FOND DU LAC COUNTIES... AT 516 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR CONTINUED TO INDICATE A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL SIZE HAIL. THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR NEW FANE...OR ABOUT NEAR KEWASKUM...MOVING SOUTHEAST AT 20 MPH. THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR... BEECHWOOD BY 520 PM CDT BOLTONVILLE BY 525 PM CDT BATAVIA BY 530 PM CDT FILLMORE AND SILVER CREEK BY 535 PM CDT RANDOM LAKE BY 540 PM CDT WAUBEKA BY 545 PM CDT THIS IS A DANGEROUS STORM. IF YOU ARE IN ITS PATH...PREPARE IMMEDIATELY FOR DAMAGING WINDS...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...AND DEADLY CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING. PEOPLE OUTSIDE SHOULD MOVE TO A SHELTER... PREFERABLY INSIDE A STRONG BUILDING BUT AWAY FROM WINDOWS. LAT...LON 4369 8825 4353 8835 4330 8776 4353 8762 $$ WOOD
000 WWUS53 KMKX 062234 SVSMKX SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI 534 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 WIC039-089-117-131-062300- /O.CON.KMKX.SV.W.0033.000000T0000Z-050506T2300Z/ FOND DU LAC-SHEBOYGAN-WASHINGTON-OZAUKEE- 534 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 ...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING CONTINUES UNTIL 600 PM CDT FOR NORTHERN OZAUKEE...NORTHEASTERN WASHINGTON...SOUTHWESTERN SHEBOYGAN AND EXTREME SOUTHEASTERN FOND DU LAC COUNTIES... AT 534 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS REPORTED CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL SIZE HAIL. THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR BOLTONVILLE...OR ABOUT 8 MILES EAST OF KEWASKUM...MOVING EAST AT 15 MPH. THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR... BEECHWOOD BY 525 PM CDT BOLTONVILLE BY 530 PM CDT BATAVIA BY 535 PM CDT SILVER CREEK AND FILLMORE BY 540 PM CDT WAUBEKA BY 550 PM CDT RANDOM LAKE AND FREDONIA BY 555 PM CDT THIS IS A DANGEROUS STORM. IF YOU ARE IN ITS PATH...PREPARE IMMEDIATELY FOR DAMAGING WINDS...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...AND DEADLY CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING. PEOPLE OUTSIDE SHOULD MOVE TO A SHELTER... PREFERABLY INSIDE A STRONG BUILDING BUT AWAY FROM WINDOWS. LAT...LON 4363 8819 4354 8820 4331 8777 4354 8763 $$ GEHRING
000 WWUS53 KMKX 062250 SVSMKX SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI 551 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 WIC039-089-117-131-062300- /O.CON.KMKX.SV.W.0033.000000T0000Z-050506T2300Z/ FOND DU LAC-SHEBOYGAN-WASHINGTON-OZAUKEE- 551 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 ...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING CONTINUES UNTIL 600 PM CDT FOR NORTHERN OZAUKEE...EXTREME NORTHEASTERN WASHINGTON...SOUTHWESTERN SHEBOYGAN AND EXTREME SOUTHEASTERN FOND DU LAC COUNTIES... AT 547 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WAS REPORTED CAPABLE OF PRODUCING NICKEL SIZE HAIL. THIS STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR SILVER CREEK...OR ABOUT 12 MILES EAST OF KEWASKUM...MOVING EAST AT 15 MPH. THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WILL BE NEAR... BATAVIA BY 540 PM CDT SILVER CREEK BY 545 PM CDT RANDOM LAKE BY 555 PM CDT CEDAR GROVE AND BELGIUM BY 600 PM CDT THIS IS A DANGEROUS STORM. IF YOU ARE IN ITS PATH...PREPARE IMMEDIATELY FOR DAMAGING WINDS...DESTRUCTIVE HAIL...AND DEADLY CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING. PEOPLE OUTSIDE SHOULD MOVE TO A SHELTER... PREFERABLY INSIDE A STRONG BUILDING BUT AWAY FROM WINDOWS. LAT...LON 4363 8819 4354 8820 4342 8780 4358 8775 $$ GEHRING
000 WWUS53 KMKX 062302 SVSMKX SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI 600 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 WIC039-089-117-131-062310- /O.EXP.KMKX.SV.W.0033.000000T0000Z-050506T2300Z/ FOND DU LAC-SHEBOYGAN-WASHINGTON-OZAUKEE- 600 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 ...THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR NORTHERN OZAUKEE...EXTREME NORTHEASTERN WASHINGTON...SOUTHWESTERN SHEBOYGAN COUNTIES EXPIRES AT 600 PM CDT... THE STORM WILL CONTINUE TO AFFECT NORTHEAST OZAUKEE COUNTY THROUGH 630 PM. PEA SIZE HAIL IS STILL POSSIBLE WITH THE STORM. LAT...LON 4363 8819 4354 8820 4342 8780 4358 8775 $$ GEHRING
What forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before this severe thunderstorm warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Milwaukee, WI wrote its last area forecast discussion before this severe thunderstorm warning went out at May 6, 2:30 PM CDT, 2 hours 44 minutes earlier.
Area forecast discussion, May 6, 2:30 PM CDT, 2 hours 44 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI 230 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 .DISCUSSION...FORECAST CONCERNS FOCUS ON PRECIP THREAT DURING SHORT TERM PERIOD. ENHANCED FORCING ASSOCD WITH LEFT EXIT REGION OF 300MB JET PUSHING SOUTHEAST OF FORECAST AREA THIS AFTERNOON. MRNG SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS DEPOSITED BTWN ONE HALF INCH AND THREE QUARTERS INCH IN SOME LOCATIONS. ATTENTION FOR REST OF THIS AFTN AND EVE FOCUSES ON WEAK LOBE OF S/W VORTICITY OVR NRN WI AND APPROACHING WEAK SFC BOUNDARY. ELEVATED LAPSE RATES AROUND 7 DEGREES AND SPC MESOANALYSIS PAGE SHOWS MUCAPE VALUES OF 1500 J/KG OVR CENTRAL WI AT 18Z...AND RUC SOUNDING SHOWS FZLVL OF 9300FT. CONVECTION BREAKING OUT ALONG AXIS OF HIGHER DEWPTS OVR NERN WI SO WL CARRY SCT T INTO NRN AND ERN AREAS REST OF AFT AND EARLY EVE...WHERE BEST LOW LEVEL CONVERGENCE LOCATED...DMSHG TO CHC THIS EVE. BEHIND THIS LAST WEAK FORCING AREA...ENHANCED SUBSIDENCE FM AXIS OF UPR LEVEL JET SHIFTING EWD TNGT WITH RIGHT ENTRANCE REGION SETTLING INTO WRN GREAT LAKES LTR TNGT. WINDS BECOMING NELY TNGT BEHIND CDFNT. WITH DEWPTS IN UPR 40S TO MID 50S AND WINDS BECOMING ONSHORE NEAR LAKE SHORE...POTENTIAL FOR FOG DVLPG BUT LWRG DEWPTS MAY DRY OUT ATMOSPHERE BEFORE HAND. WL ADD PATCHY FOG ONLY IN ERN AREAS FOR NOW. DEWPTS OVERDONE BY GUIDANCE FOR LTR TNGT INTO SAT. MUCH MORE STABLE CONDITIONS ACROSS FORECAST AREA ON SATURDAY SO PULLED POPS IN CENTRAL AND ERN AREAS BUT LEFT IN EAST...CLOSER TO VICINITY OF STRENGTHENING WMFNT OVR IA...NRN IL. LOW LEVEL JET OF 40 TO 50 KTS FOCUSED INTO SRN MN/W CNTRL WI SAT NIGHT AND THICKNESS FIELD MAY CARRY SOME OF THE NIGHT TIME CONVECTION INTO CENTRAL/SRN WI LATE IN THE NIGHT INTO SUN MRNG. THICKNESS RIDGE SETS UP OVER WI LATER SUN INTO SUN NIGHT AND SECOND WEAKER LLJ WITH LOW LEVEL MOISTURE FLUX CONV...HENCE WL CONT WITH MID LEVEL POPS AT THIS TIME FRAME WITH BEST THREAT OF WIDESPREAD PRECIP MON INTO MON NGT. ALL EXTENDED GUIDANCE INCLUDING GFS...UKMO...ECMWF AND CANADIAN IN GOOD AGREEMENT ON CARRYING S/W TROF THRU WESTERN GREAT LAKES ON MON/TUE TIME FRAME...HWVR UKMT AND ECMWF TAKE FRONTAL BOUNDARY WELL SOUTH INTO THE MID MS VALLEY WHILE GFS HOLDS FRONT FARTHER NORTH. LATEST GFS DOES CONTINUES TREND IN SLOWING SYSTEM DOWN EARLY NEXT WEEK...HENCE WL LEAN TWD GFS SOLUTION BUT PREFER FARTHER SOUTHWARD PENETRATION OF COOL FRONT. HENCE WL BEEF UP POPS TO LKLY CATEGORY AS MAIN S/W TROF MOVES THRU MON INTO MON NGT. 5H HEIGHT ANOMOLY SLIGHTLY ABV NORMAL WITH FLATTENING UPSTREAM TROF CENTERED ON 05/14...HENCE UNSETTLED WEATHER WILL CONTINUE THROUGH THE LATER PERIODS OF NEXT WEEK. FAIR AGREEMENT IN GFS ENSEMBLES IN EARLY PERIODS OF EXTENDED PERIOD. FRONTAL BOUNDARY OVER CENTRAL MS VLY EXPCD TO PUSH NORTHWARD WED INTO THU RETURNING PRECIP THREAT ACRS SRN WI BY THU. ENSEMBLE POPS QUITE HIGH FOR WED NGT INTO THU TIME FRAME. && .MKX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...NONE. && MBK
Hazardous weather outlook, May 6, 5:00 AM CDT, 12 hours 14 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI 500 AM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 WIZ046-047-051-052-056>060-062>072-061600- COLUMBIA-DANE-DODGE-FOND DU LAC-GREEN-GREEN LAKE-IOWA-JEFFERSON- KENOSHA-LAFAYETTE-MARQUETTE-MILWAUKEE-OZAUKEE-RACINE-ROCK-SAUK- SHEBOYGAN-WALWORTH-WASHINGTON-WAUKESHA- 500 AM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR SOUTH CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN. .DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT THERE IS A CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS TODAY AND TONIGHT. THE THUNDERSTORMS ARE EXPECTED TO REMAIN BELOW SEVERE CRITERIA. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY THERE WILL BE A CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS SOUTHERN WISCONSIN SATURDAY THROUGH MONDAY EVENING. THERE WILL BE ANOTHER CHANCE OF THUNDERSTORMS WEDNESDAY THROUGH THURSDAY. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... SPOTTER ACTIVATION SHOULD NOT BE NEEDED TODAY OR TONIGHT. && DETAILED WEATHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE NWS MILWAUKEE WEB-PAGE... WWW.CRH.NOAA.GOV/MKX /LOWER CASE/ LMZ643>646-665-061600- SHEBOYGAN WI TO WINTHROP HARBOR ILLINOIS 500 AM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR THE WISCONSIN WATERS OF LAKE MICHIGAN. .DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...SATURDAY THROUGH THURSDAY NO HAZARDOUS WEATHER IS EXPECTED AT THIS TIME. && DETAILED WEATHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE NWS MILWAUKEE WEB-PAGE... WWW.CRH.NOAA.GOV/MKX /LOWER CASE/ ZAJDEL
In the hours before
Local storm report, May 6, 3:23 PM CDT, 1 hour 51 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI
323 PM CDT FRI MAY 06 2005
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0306 PM HAIL GREEN LAKE 43.84N 88.96W
05/06/2005 0.25 INCH GREEN LAKE WI LAW ENFORCEMENT
PEA SIZED HAIL IN GREEN LAKE REPORTED AT SOUTH AND LAKE
INTERSECTION
&&
DRHLocal storm report, May 6, 3:45 PM CDT, 1 hour 29 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI
345 PM CDT FRI MAY 06 2005
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0324 PM HAIL 4 NW BARABOO 43.51N 89.80W
05/06/2005 0.25 INCH SAUK WI LAW ENFORCEMENT
&&
PSPEICHESpecial weather statement, May 6, 4:45 PM CDT, 29 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI 445 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 LMZ643>646-WIZ046-047-051-052-056>060-062>072-062215- COLUMBIA-DANE-DODGE-FOND DU LAC-GREEN-GREEN LAKE-IOWA-JEFFERSON- KENOSHA-LAFAYETTE-MARQUETTE-MILWAUKEE- NORTH POINT LIGHTHOUSE TO WIND POINT-OZAUKEE- PORT WASHINGTON TO NORTH POINT LIGHTHOUSE-RACINE-ROCK-SAUK-SHEBOYGAN- SHEBOYGAN WI TO PORT WASHINGTON-WALWORTH-WASHINGTON-WAUKESHA- WIND POINT TO WINTHROP HARBOR ILLINOIS- 445 PM CDT FRI MAY 6 2005 LOOK FOR SCATTERED SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS TO AFFECT PORTIONS OF SOUTH CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN THIS AFTERNOON. A BROKEN LINE OF THUNDERSTORMS WERE LOCATED FROM A HAVEN...TO EDEN...TO FOX LAKE... TO SAUK CITY LINE...MOVING EAST SOUTHEAST AT 25 MPH. THE THUNDERSTORMS WILL REACH A SHEBOYGAN...TO JUNEAU...TO WAUNAKEE LINE BY 515 PM. HAIL TO ONE HALF INCH IN DIAMETER...AND GUSTY WINDS TO 40 MPH...MAY ACCOMPANY THE STRONGER THUNDERSTORMS. CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING IS ALSO LIKELY WITH THESE THUNDERSTORMS. THERE IS A CHANCE FOR THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE REST OF SOUTH CENTRAL AND SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN...INCLUDING MADISON AND MILWAUKEE...INTO THE EARLY EVENING HOURS. WOOD
Local storm report, May 6, 4:49 PM CDT, 25 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI
449 PM CDT FRI MAY 06 2005
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0440 PM HAIL RANDOLPH 43.54N 89.00W
05/06/2005 0.25 INCH DODGE WI LAW ENFORCEMENT
&&
PSPEICHELocal storm report, May 6, 5:12 PM CDT, 2 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MILWAUKEE/SULLIVAN WI
512 PM CDT FRI MAY 06 2005
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0453 PM HAIL 4 E EDEN 43.69N 88.28W
05/06/2005 0.25 INCH FOND DU LAC WI LAW ENFORCEMENT
&&
PSPEICHEThe office that day
Everything else NWS Milwaukee, WI issued on the same UTC day.
| Issued | Product | Office | Counties | Lasted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 6, 4:30 PM CDT | Tornado Warning | MKX | Fond du Lac | 26 min |
| May 6, 5:16 PM CDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | MKX | Dodge | 74 min |
| May 6, 5:24 PM CDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | MKX | Fond du Lac | 51 min |
| May 6, 5:45 PM CDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | MKX | Dane | 45 min |
| May 6, 6:19 PM CDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | MKX | Jefferson | 28 min |
| May 6, 6:29 PM CDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | MKX | Dane | 46 min |
| May 6, 6:35 PM CDT | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | MKX | Waukesha | 55 min |
Nearby
Severe Thunderstorm Warnings in Wisconsin, 2005Every severe thunderstorm warning in 2005
Sources
The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.