Alert archive / North Carolina / Flash Flood Warnings in 2005

Flash Flood Warning 53, NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC

July 11, 2005Yancey County, North Carolina

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC issued this flash flood warning at Jul 11, 2005, 10:25 PM EDT for Yancey County, North Carolina. It was in force for 4 hr. No storm report in the archive falls inside the area while it was in force.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued
Jul 11, 2005, 10:25 PM EDT (02:25 UTC)
Expired
Jul 12, 2005, 2:15 AM EDT
In force
4 hr
Issued by
NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC
Area
Counties, with a storm outline in the text

County Yancey County, NC

The radar

The Greer radar (KGSP), 107 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 02:28 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

Did it verify

Not verified. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet's Cow found no qualifying storm report inside this flash flood warning while it was in force. That is not proof nothing happened: reports are thin where few people live.

Cow counts a report within 15 km of the polygon while the warning was in force: a tornado for a tornado warning; hail of 1 inch or more, a gust of 58 mph or more or wind damage for a severe thunderstorm warning; a flash flood report for a flash flood warning.

The nearest sounding before it

Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC (KGSO), launched 00:00Z, 2.4 hours before the alert went out and 210 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 00:00Z on 2005-07-12Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 1342 joules per kilogram.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Greensboro/Hi Pt, NC at 00:00Z on 2005-07-12The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 33 square meters per square second.1939Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
1342 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-2 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
741 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
20 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
33 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
74 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.

000 
WGUS52 KGSP 120226
FFWGSP
NCC199-120615-

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
FLASH FLOOD WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1025 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG HAS ISSUED A

* FLASH FLOOD WARNING FOR...
  YANCEY COUNTY IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA

* UNTIL 215 AM EDT

* AT 1010 PM EDT...COUNTY OFFICIALS REPORTED FLASH FLOODING ALONG    
  THE SOUTH TOE RIVER NEAR CELO. DOPPLER RADAR INDICATES THAT UP TO  
  2 INCHES OF RAIN HAS FALLEN IN THIS AREA SINCE 8 PM. RADAR TRENDS  
  INDICATE MODERATE RAIN WILL CONTINUE OVER THE WARNED AREA THROUGH  
  11 PM...WITH ADDITIONAL RAINFALL AMOUNTS OF AROUND ONE HALF INCH   
  LIKELY OVER THE WARNED AREA.     

* ADDITIONAL RAINFALL WILL CAUSE THE FLOODING ALONG THE SOUTH TOE TO 
  WORSEN...POSSIBLY DEVELOPING AS FAR DOWNSTREAM AS NEWDALE.         
  FLOODING WILL ALSO LIKELY DEVELOP QUICKLY ALONG SOME OF THE        
  TRIBUTARIES OF THE SOUTH TOE...INCLUDING BROWN CREEK AND WHITEOAK  
  CREEK.  
    
BE ESPECIALLY CAUTIOUS AT NIGHT WHEN IT IS HARDER TO RECOGNIZE THE
DANGERS OF FLOODS AND FLASH FLOODS. IF FLASH FLOODING IS OBSERVED ACT
QUICKLY. MOVE UP TO HIGHER GROUND TO ESCAPE FLOOD WATERS. DO NOT STAY
IN AREAS SUBJECT TO FLOODING WHEN WATER BEGINS RISING.

DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE INTO AREAS WHERE THE WATER COVERS THE
ROADWAY. THE WATER DEPTH MAY BE TOO GREAT TO ALLOW YOUR CAR TO CROSS 
SAFELY. 

LAT...LON 3574 8220 3582 8211 3599 8222 3592 8233

$$

LANE
2 follow-up statements
000 
WGUS72 KGSP 120406
FFSGSP

FLASH FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1203 AM EDT TUE JUL 12 2005

NCC199-120615-
YANCEY NC-
1203 AM EDT TUE JUL 12 2005

...A FLASH FLOOD WARNING CONTINUES UNTIL 215 AM EDT FOR YANCEY 
COUNTY...

AT 1155 PM EDT...COUNTY OFFICIALS REPORTED FLOODING CONTINUED ALONG 
THE SOUTH TOE NEAR CELO. HOWEVER...FLOOD WATERS WERE REPORTED TO BE 
RECEDING. HEAVY RAIN HAS ENDED ACROSS THE AREA FOR THE TIME BEING... 
BUT SCATTERED SHOWERS WILL CONTINUE ACROSS THE MOUNTAINS FOR MUCH OF 
THE OVERNIGHT HOURS. ANY ADDITIONAL RAINFALL OVERNIGHT WILL CAUSE 
THE FLOODING SITUATION TO WORSEN. IN ADDITION...WATER MOVING 
DOWNSTREAM COULD RESULT IN SOME FLOODING ALONG THE SOUTH TOE NEAR 
NEWDALE.     

DO NOT DRIVE YOUR VEHICLE INTO AREAS WHERE THE WATER COVERS THE 
ROADWAY. THE WATER DEPTH MAY BE TOO GREAT TO ALLOW YOUR CAR TO CROSS 
SAFELY. VEHICLES CAUGHT IN RISING WATER SHOULD BE ABANDONED QUICKLY. 
MOVE TO HIGHER GROUND.

LAT...LON 3574 8220 3582 8211 3599 8222 3592 8233

$$

LANE
000 
WGUS72 KGSP 120547
FFSGSP

FLASH FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
147 AM EDT TUE JUL 12 2005

NCC199-120555-
YANCEY NC-
147 AM EDT TUE JUL 12 2005

...THE FLASH FLOOD WARNING FOR YANCEY COUNTY IS CANCELLED...

AT 145 AM...COUNTY OFFICIALS REPORT THE SOUTH TOE RIVER HAS RETURNED 
TO ITS BANKS. THERE MAY BE A FEW SPOTS WHERE WATER STILL COVERS THE 
ROAD...SO USE CAUTION WHEN DRIVING NEAR THE RIVER THIS MORNING.  

LAT...LON 3574 8220 3582 8211 3599 8222 3592 8233

$$

LANE

What forecasters said that day

The local office's own words before this flash flood warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.

NWS Greenville-Spartanburg, SC wrote its last area forecast discussion before this flash flood warning went out at Jul 11, 10:04 PM EDT, 21 minutes earlier.

Area forecast discussion, Jul 11, 10:04 PM EDT, 21 minutes before
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
1004 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

.SHORT TERM (REST OF TONIGHT)...
SO FAR THE COUNTIES IN THE FLASH FLOOD WATCH HAVE SEEN THE MOST
RAIN THIS EVENING. HOWEVER...WHILE THE LLVL FLOW IS PROGGED TO
GRADUALLY VEER OVERNIGHT...SFC WINDS IN THE NC MTNS AND FOOHTILLS
ARE STILL OUT OF THE EAST. THAT IS TO SAY...THERE IS STILL AN
UPSLOPE COMPONENT IN THE NC FOOTHILLS. CURRENTLY THERE IS A BAND
OF VERY HEAVY RAIN MIGRATING ACROSS THE WESTERN NC FOOTHILLS. THE
BAND IS MOVING...AND IT APPEARS RAINFALL RATES WL NOT BE
SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE FLOODING. AS THE NEXT BAND OVER NE GA WL COME
THROUGH W/MORE OF A WLY COMPONENT TO THE WND...I THINK IT WL STAY
AWAY FROM THE NC FOOTHILLS FOR THE MOST PART...AND I DON/T PLAN TO
EXPAND THE AREAL EXTENT OF THE WATCH ATTM.

I DID UP THE QPF A QUARTER TO A HALF INCH OVER THE SRN ESCARPMENT
AHEAD OF THE NE GA CONVECTION. THIS WL MATCH WITH WHAT THE LMRFC
IS USING FOR THE UPPER REACHES OF THE FRENCH BROAD...AND A CREST
NEAR FLOOD STAGE IS POSSIBLE BY TMRW AFTN AT BLANTYRE. OTRW THERE
WERE FEW CHANGES TO THE GRIDS.

&&

.PREVIOUS DISCUSSION...
(ISSUED 254 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005)

SHORT TERM (TONIGHT)...
SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS ARE BEGINNING TO MOVE FURTHER EAST INTO
THE NC PIEDMONT. DWPTS ARE VERY MOIST...RANGING FROM THE MID 70S
SOUTH TO AROUND 70 NORTH. BASED ON THE WV LOOP...EXPECT THAT BAND
CURRENTLY RUNNING FROM RUTHERFORD TO UNION WILL CONTINUE TO FILL IN
AND STRENGTHEN AS IT MOVES EAST. THIS LINE SHOULD REMAIN THE
IMMEDIATE FOCUS OF THE SEVERE POTENTIAL...ALTHOUGH THE FURTHER EAST
THE LESSER AMOUNTS OF SRH. FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE AFTERNOON AND
EVENING...EXPECT WAVES OF SH/TS TO ROTATE OVER THE EASTERN HALF OF
THE FA. WITH UPSLOPE FLOW AND POSSIBLE VORT LOBES SPINNING OVER THE
REGION WILL CONTINUE FORECAST OF CATE POPS ALONG THE HIGHER TERRAIN
OF THE CAROLINA LINE. WILL MAINTAIN THE FLASH FLOOD WATCH UNTIL 6 AM
TUES.

WITH THE RECENT HIGH COVERAGE OF RAINFALL AND CONTINUED SOUTH FLOW
WILL KEEP TONIGHT/S MIN FAIRLY MILD. ALSO...EXPECT OVERCAST
CONDITIONS WITH LOW STRATUS. WILL FORECAST TEMPS CLOSE TO THE 17Z
FLP WHICH IS WARMER THAN THE TRADITIONAL MOS. EVEN WITH THE
FORECASTED MILD TEMPS...VALUES WILL FALL VERY CLOSE IF NOT EXCEED
THIS EVENING/S CROSSOVER TEMPS. WILL ADD A MENTION OF PATCHY FOG
AFTER MIDNIGHT.

LONG TERM (TUESDAY THROUGH MONDAY)...
THE REMNANT LOW OF DENNIS WILL RESIDE IN THE VICINITY OF THE LOWER
OHIO VALLEY FOR THE DURATION OF THIS FORECAST PERIOD. THE LOW IS
EXPECTED TO BE STUCK IN THE SUBTROPICAL RIDGE SURROUNDED BY VERY
WEAK WIND IN THE MID AND UPPER LEVELS.  BY TUESDAY MORNING... THE
FLOW FROM THE SURFACE THROUGH THE MID LEVELS ACROSS THE CWA WILL
HAVE BECOME MORE SOUTHWESTERLY REPLACING THE SOUTHEAST UPSLOPE FLOW
IMPINGING UPON THE AXIS OF HIGHER TERRAIN.  THE AIRMASS THAT IS
BEING ADVECTED NORTHWARD IN THE BROAD SOUTHERLY FLOW IN THE
SOUTHEAST QUADRANT OF REMNANT DENNIS WILL RESULT IN A VERY MOIST
TROPICAL AIR MASS THAT PERSISTS UNTIL THE END OF THIS FORECAST
PERIOD.  MOISTURE WILL BE CONCENTRATED IN THE LOW LEVELS WITH
SLIGHTLY DRIER AIR FROM 700 MB UPWARD.  GFS PRECIPITABLE WATER
REMAINS BETWEEN 1.5 AND SLIGHTLY MORE THAN 2.0 INCHES THROUGHOUT THE
PERIOD INDICATING POTENTIAL FOR LOCALLY HEAVY RAIN IN ANY OF THE
SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS THAT DEVELOP.  THE GFS DEPICTS CYCLONIC
VORTICITY ADVECTION AFFECTING PRIMARILY OUR WESTERN ZONES ON
WEDNESDAY... OTHERWISE THE PRIMARY FORCING MECHANISM FOR
PRECIPITATION WILL BE DAYTIME HEATING. THE FORECAST EACH DAY WILL
CONSIST OF CHANCE POPS... HIGHER IN THE AFTERNOONS AND EVENINGS...
EXCEPT LIKELY POPS IN THE WEST ON WEDNESDAY.  MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
TEMPERATURES WILL NOT STRAY FAR FROM GFS MOS.

AVIATION...
REMNANT CIRCULATION OF DENNIS WILL CONTINUE TO BRING WAVES OF SH/TS
ACROSS THE TERMINALS THIS EVENING AND TONIGHT. WILL HANDLE
CONVECTION WITH TEMPOS THROUGH 24Z. TONIGHT...FORECAST SOUNDINGS AND
MOS BRING CIGS AND VIS DOWN TO IFR-LIFR CONDITIONS BY SUNRISE.
EXPECT THAT ABUNDANT MOISTURE AND VEERING UPSLOPE FLOW WILL YIELD A
SLOW TO IMPROVE STRATUS DECK TOMORROW MORNING. WILL FORECAST MVFR
CIGS BY 16Z...ALTHOUGH REALITY COULD BE LATER.

&&

.GSP WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
GA...FLASH FLOOD WATCH FOR GAZ010-017-018-026-028 UNTIL 6 AM
     TUESDAY.
NC...FLASH FLOOD WATCH FOR NCZ062>064 UNTIL 6 AM TUESDAY.
SC...FLASH FLOOD WATCH FOR SCZ001-002-004-005-010 UNTIL 6 AM
     TUESDAY.
&&

SHORT TERM...MCAVOY
Hazardous weather outlook, Jul 11, 6:04 AM EDT, 16 hours 21 minutes before
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
604 AM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

GAZ010-017-018-026-028-029-NCZ033>037-048>059-062>072-082-
SCZ001>014-019-121015-
RABUN-HABERSHAM-STEPHENS-FRANKLIN-HART-ELBERT-AVERY-CALDWELL-
ALEXANDER-IREDELL-DAVIE-MADISON-YANCEY-MITCHELL-SWAIN-HAYWOOD-
BUNCOMBE-MCDOWELL-BURKE-CATAWBA-ROWAN-GRAHAM-NORTHERN JACKSON-
MACON-SOUTHERN JACKSON-TRANSYLVANIA-HENDERSON-POLK-RUTHERFORD-
CLEVELAND-LINCOLN-GASTON-MECKLENBURG-CABARRUS-UNION-
OCONEE MOUNTAINS-PICKENS MOUNTAINS-GREENVILLE MOUNTAINS-
GREATER OCONEE-GREATER PICKENS-GREATER GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG-
CHEROKEE-YORK-ANDERSON-ABBEVILLE-LAURENS-CHESTER-GREENWOOD-
604 AM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR UPSTATE SOUTH CAROLINA...
MUCH OF WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA... AND EXTREME NORTHEAST GEORGIA.

.DAY ONE...TODAY AND TONIGHT

DEEP TROPICAL MOISTURE ON THE EASTERN EDGE OF THE CIRCULATION
ASSOCIATED WITH THE REMNANTS OF DENNIS WILL FUEL NUMEROUS TO
WIDESPREAD SHOWERS...AND A FEW THUNDERSTORMS...TODAY. THE MAIN
CONCERN IS THE POTENTIAL FOR FLASH FLOODING OVER PARTS OF
NORTHEAST GEORGIA...WESTERN SOUTH CAROLINA...AND THE SOUTHERN
MOUNTAINS OF NORTH CAROLINA. FOR MORE INFORMATION...SEE THE FLOOD
WATCH ISSUED AT 446 AM. IF A BAND OF SHOWERS PERSISTS OVER ANY
OTHER LOCATION...FLOODING RAINS COULD ACCUMULATE. FOR MORE
INFORMATION...SEE THE HYDROLOGIC OUTLOOK ISSUED AT 500 AM. THERE
IS A REMOTE POSSIBILITY OF AN ISOLATED TORNADO TODAY...MAINLY OVER
THE AREA WEST OF ASHEVILLE...GREENVILLE...AND LAURENS. IF
CONDITIONS BECOME MORE FAVORABLE...A SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
WILL BE ISSUED.

.DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY

SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS WILL BE POSSIBLE EVERY DAY THROUGH AT
LEAST SATURDAY. LOW LEVEL MOISTURE WILL REMAIN PLENTIFUL THROUGH
THE PERIOD...SO FLOODING RAIN WILL BE A POTENTIAL PROBLEM FOR ANY
PERSISTENT THUNDERSTORMS.

.SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT...

SPOTTER ACTIVATION MAY BE NEEDED TODAY AND THIS EVENING...MAINLY
OVER THE MOUNTAINS...FOOTHILLS...AND THE WESTERN UPSTATE.

MOORE

In the hours before

Local storm report, Jul 11, 7:42 PM EDT, 2 hours 43 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
742 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0725 PM     TSTM WND DMG     SENECA                  34.69N 82.96W
07/11/2005                   OCONEE             SC   TRAINED SPOTTER

            SHINGLES OFF A ROOF ON SHILOH RD AND A TREE DOWN ON SHEEP
            FARM RD

&&

LANE
Special weather statement, Jul 11, 7:57 PM EDT, 2 hours 28 minutes before
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
757 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

NCZ063>065-120100-
HENDERSON-SOUTHERN JACKSON NC-TRANSYLVANIA-
INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...BREVARD...HENDERSONVILLE
757 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

...STRONG THUNDERSTORMS APPROACHING THE BLUE RIDGE...

AT 7:50 PM...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RADAR INDICATED A LINE OF
STRONG THUNDERSTORMS EXTENDING FROM CASHIERS TO NEAR GREENVILLE.
THIS LINE OF STORMS IS MOVING NORTH AT 35 TO 40 MPH. THROUGH 9 PM...
THIS ACTIVITY WILL PUSH INTO THE SOUTHERN NORTH CAROLINA MOUNTAINS...
AFFECTING BREVARD AROUND 8:15 PM...AND HENDERSONVILLE BETWEEN 8:30
AND 8:45 PM. THE MAIN THREAT WITH THIS LINE OF STORMS WILL BE STRONG
STRAIGHT LINE WINDS OF UP TO 50 MPH. WINDS OF THIS MAGNITUDE WILL BE
CAPABLE OF KNOCKING DOWN A TREE HERE AND THERE. IN ADDITION...
FREQUENT CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING AND HEAVY RAINFALL WILL ACCOMPANY
THIS STORMS.

LANE
Local storm report, Jul 11, 8:53 PM EDT, 1 hour 32 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
853 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0710 PM     TSTM WND DMG     LONG CREEK              34.77N 83.26W
07/11/2005                   OCONEE             SC   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            ONE TREE DOWN.

0710 PM     TSTM WND DMG     LONG CREEK              34.77N 83.26W
07/11/2005                   OCONEE             SC   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            ONE TREE DOWN.

&&

SKRENTZ
Local storm report, Jul 11, 8:54 PM EDT, 1 hour 31 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
854 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0730 PM     TSTM WND DMG     2 E WALHALLA            34.77N 83.03W
07/11/2005                   OCONEE             SC   COUNTY OFFICIAL

            ONE TREE DOWN.

&&

SKRENTZ
Local storm report, Jul 11, 8:55 PM EDT, 1 hour 30 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
855 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0641 PM     TSTM WND DMG     IVA                     34.31N 82.66W
07/11/2005                   ANDERSON           SC   FIRE DEPT/RESCUE

            POWERLINES DOWN.

&&

SKRENTZ
Local storm report, Jul 11, 8:56 PM EDT, 1 hour 29 minutes before
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GREENVILLE-SPARTANBURG SC
856 PM EDT MON JUL 11 2005

..TIME...   ...EVENT...      ...CITY LOCATION...     ...LAT.LON...
..DATE...   ....MAG....      ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
            ..REMARKS..

0711 PM     TSTM WND DMG     PENDLETON               34.65N 82.78W
07/11/2005                   ANDERSON           SC   FIRE DEPT/RESCUE

            POWERLINES DOWN.

&&

SKRENTZ

Nearby

Flash Flood Warnings in North Carolina, 2005Every flash flood warning in 2005

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.