Alert archive / Louisiana / Flash Flood Warnings in 1994
Flash Flood Warning 2, NWS Shreveport, LA
NWS Shreveport, LA issued this flash flood warning at Jan 27, 1994, 4:03 PM CST for Caldwell Parish, Natchitoches Parish, Winn Parish, Louisiana. It was in force for 5 hr.
The area
The counties it named.
The facts
- Issued
- Jan 27, 1994, 4:03 PM CST (22:03 UTC)
- Expired
- Jan 27, 1994, 9:00 PM CST
- In force
- 5 hr
- Issued by
- NWS Shreveport, LA
- Area
- Whole counties
Counties Caldwell Parish, LA, Natchitoches Parish, LA, Winn Parish, LA
The nearest sounding before it
Longview/Gregg, TX (KGGG), launched 12:00Z, 10.1 hours before the alert went out and 193 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 957 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -5 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 546 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 51 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- -9 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- -21 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- -0.1
- Supercell composite
- -0.3
The text
As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.
000 TTAA00 KSHV 272205 FFWSHV LAC021-041-065-107-069-085-127-280300- BULLETIN - EBS ACTIVATION REQUESTED FLASH FLOOD WARNING NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA 403 PM CST THU JAN 27 1994 THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN SHREVEPORT HAS ISSUED A FLASH FLOOD WARNING EFFECTIVE UNTIL 900 PM CST FOR PEOPLE IN THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS... IN NORTHEAST LOUISIANA ...CALDWELL PARISH...FRANKLIN PARISH...MADISON PARISH ...TENSAS PARISH IN NORTHWEST LOUISIANA ...SOUTHERN NATCHITOCHES PARISH...SABINE PARISH...WINN PARISH AT 355 PM CST WEATHER SERVICE RADAR INDICATED A LARGE AREA OF SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS..SOME STORMS PRODUCING VERY HEAVY RAINS..THAT COVERED LOUISIANA..PARTS OF NORTHEAST TEXAS..AND SOUTH ARKANSAS. THE SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS HAVE BEEN MOVING TO THE NORTHEAST AT 35 MPH BUT CONTINUE TO MOVE OVER THE SAME GENERAL AREAS. SOME OF THE AREAS OVER NORTHEAST LOUISIANA AND WEST CENTRAL AND CENTRAL LOUISIANA HAD RECEIVED RAINFALL AMOUNTS OF FOUR TO SIX INCHES DURING THE PAST 6 HOURS. THE ADDITIONAL HEAVY RAINFALL WILL CAUSE FLOODING DUE TO THE SOILS REACHING SATURATION AND MANY STREAMS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AT OR OUT OF BANKFULL. RADAR SHOWED HEAVY RAINFALL OCCURING OVER THE FLASH FLOOD WARNED AREA. MOTORISTS SHOULD AVOID HIGH WATER AREAS AND THOSE LIVING IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS SHOULD MONITOR RISING WATERS. ...A FLASH FLOOD WATCH IN EFFECT FOR LOUISIANA GENERALLY SOUTHEAST OF A LINE FROM BASTROP SOUTHWEST TO MANY LOUISIANA... ...A TORNADO WATCH IN EFFECT FOR EAST TEXAS AND SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF NORTH LOUISIANA SOUTH TO THE COAST... A FLASH FLOOD WARNING MEANS THAT FLOODING IS OCCURRING OR IS IMMINENT. MOST FLASH FLOOD DEATHS OCCUR IN AUTOMOBILES. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CRZOSS BRIDGES...DIPS...OR LOW SPOTS IF WATER COVERS THE ROADWAY. NEVER TRY TO CROSS A FLOWING STREAM...EVEN A SMALL ONE...ON FOOT. TO ESCAPE RISING WATER MOVE UP TO HIGHER GROUND.
What forecasters said that day
The local office's own words before this flash flood warning went out, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
In the hours before
Special weather statement, Jan 27, 12:25 PM CST, 3 hours 38 minutes before
OKZ076-077-049-053-TXZ095-097-TXZ106>112-TXZ124>126-136>138-149>153- 166-167-ARZ050>053-ARZ059>061-ARZ066-ARZ070>073-LAZ001>027-271945- SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA 1225 PM CST THU JAN 27 1994 ...TORNADO WATCH CONTINUED IN EFFECT FOR EAST CENTRAL TEXAS...AND THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF NORTH LOUISIANA...SOUTHWARD TO THE GULF COAST... ...FLASH FLOOD WATCH REMAINED IN EFFECT FOR THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX... AT 1220 PM WIDESPREAD RAIN AND SHOWERS COVERED NORTH LOUISIANA AND EAST TEXAS...ALONG WITH SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS...PRIMARILY OVER THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE AREA. WITHIN THIS LARGE AREA...TWO BANDS OF STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE INDICATED...ONE WAS LOCATED FROM 10 MILES SOUTH OF MONROE TO NEAR WINNFIELD AND NATCHITOCHES...ACROSS TOLEDO BEND LAKE WEST OF MANY LOUISIANA TO LUFKIN TEXAS. THE OTHER BAND WHICH WAS INCREASING IN INTENSITY WAS LOCATED FROM 10 MILES WEST OF FAMRERVILLE TO ARCADIA LOUISIANA TO BETWEEN RINGGOLD AND BIENVILLE LOUISIANA TO BETWEEN MANSFIELD AND COUSHATTA LOUISIANA ACROSS TOLEDO BEND LAKE TO CENTER AND NACOGDOCHES TEXAS. INDIVIDUAL THUNDERSTORMS WERE MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30 MPH...WHILE THE BANDS WERE MOVING EAST AT 15 TO 20 MPH. SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS MAY DEVELOP OVER SOUTHEASTERN HALF OF THE AREA THIS AFTERNOON. THE THREAT OF ADDITIONAL HEAVY RAINFALL OF ONE TO THREE INCHES IS ALSO POSSIBLE OVER AN AREA WHERE ONE TO THREE INCHES OCCURRED OVERNIGHT AND LOW AREA FLOODING MAY DEVELOP. FURTHER TO THE SOUTH..OVER EAST CENTRAL TEXAS INTO WEST CENTRAL AND CENTRAL LOUISIANA...RAIN AND THUNDERSTORMS CONTINUED...AN AREA WHERE RAINFALL EXCEEDED FIVE INCHES OVERNIGHT IN THE ALEXANDRIA AND LEESVILLE AREAS... GENERALLY OVER THE NORTHWEST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX...ONLY ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE ALONG WITH WIDESPREAD LIGHT AND OCCASIONAL MODERATE RAIN AND SHOWERS. IT WILL TURN BREEZY AND COOLER OVER THE NORTHWEST WITH TEMPERATURES FALLING INTO THE 40S AND 50S.
Special weather statement, Jan 27, 12:27 PM CST, 3 hours 36 minutes before
OKZ076-077-049-053-TXZ095-097-TXZ106>112-TXZ124>126-136>138-149>153- 166-167-ARZ050>053-ARZ059>061-ARZ066-ARZ070>073-LAZ001>027-271945- SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA 1225 PM CST THU JAN 27 1994 ...TORNADO WATCH CONTINUED IN EFFECT FOR EAST CENTRAL TEXAS...AND THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF NORTH LOUISIANA...SOUTHWARD TO THE GULF COAST... ...FLASH FLOOD WATCH REMAINED IN EFFECT FOR THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX... AT 1220 PM WIDESPREAD RAIN AND SHOWERS COVERED NORTH LOUISIANA AND EAST TEXAS...ALONG WITH SCATTERED THUNDERSTORMS...PRIMARILY OVER THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE AREA. WITHIN THIS LARGE AREA...TWO BANDS OF STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE INDICATED...ONE WAS LOCATED FROM 10 MILES SOUTH OF MONROE TO NEAR WINNFIELD AND NATCHITOCHES...ACROSS TOLEDO BEND LAKE WEST OF MANY LOUISIANA TO LUFKIN TEXAS. THE OTHER BAND WHICH WAS INCREASING IN INTENSITY WAS LOCATED FROM 10 MILES WEST OF FAMRERVILLE TO ARCADIA LOUISIANA TO BETWEEN RINGGOLD AND BIENVILLE LOUISIANA TO BETWEEN MANSFIELD AND COUSHATTA LOUISIANA ACROSS TOLEDO BEND LAKE TO CENTER AND NACOGDOCHES TEXAS. INDIVIDUAL THUNDERSTORMS WERE MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30 MPH...WHILE THE BANDS WERE MOVING EAST AT 15 TO 20 MPH. SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS MAY DEVELOP OVER SOUTHEASTERN HALF OF THE AREA THIS AFTERNOON. THE THREAT OF ADDITIONAL HEAVY RAINFALL OF ONE TO THREE INCHES IS ALSO POSSIBLE OVER AN AREA WHERE ONE TO THREE INCHES OCCURRED OVERNIGHT AND LOW AREA FLOODING MAY DEVELOP. FURTHER TO THE SOUTH..OVER EAST CENTRAL TEXAS INTO WEST CENTRAL AND CENTRAL LOUISIANA...RAIN AND THUNDERSTORMS CONTINUED...AN AREA WHERE RAINFALL EXCEEDED FIVE INCHES OVERNIGHT IN THE ALEXANDRIA AND LEESVILLE AREAS... GENERALLY OVER THE NORTHWEST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX...ONLY ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE ALONG WITH WIDESPREAD LIGHT AND OCCASIONAL MODERATE RAIN AND SHOWERS. IT WILL TURN BREEZY AND COOLER OVER THE NORTHWEST WITH TEMPERATURES FALLING INTO THE 40fS AND 50S.
Special weather statement, Jan 27, 1:10 PM CST, 2 hours 53 minutes before
OKZ076-077-049-053-TXZ095-097-TXZ106>112-TXZ124>126-136>138-149>153- 166-167-ARZ050>053-ARZ059>061-ARZ066-ARZ070>073-LAZ001>027-272030- SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA 110 PM CST THU JAN 27 1994 ...TORNADO WATCH CONTINUED IN EFFECT FOR EAST CENTRAL TEXAS...AND THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF NORTH LOUISIANA...SOUTHWARD TO THE GULF COAST... ...FLASH FLOOD WATCH REMAINED IN EFFECT FOR THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX... AT 105 PM WIDESPREAD RAIN AND SHOWERS COVERED NORTH LOUISIANA...EAST TEXAS...SOUTH ARKANSAS AND SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA...WITH SCATTERED THUNDER- STORMS OVER THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE AREA. TWO BANDS OF STRONG THUNDER- STORMS WERE INDICATED...ONE WAS LOCATED FROM SOUTH OF EL DORADO ARKANSAS TO SOUTHEAST OF SHREVEPORT TO CENTER TEXAS. THE OTHER BAND WAS INDICATED FROM BETWEEN ST. JOSEPH AND WINNSBORO LOUISIANA TO BETWEEN ALEXANDRIA AND NATCHITOCHES LOUISIANA ACROSS THE LEESVILLE LOUISIANA AREA TO NORTHWEST OF HOUSTON TEXAS. . INDIVIDUAL THUNDERSTORMS WERE MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30 MPH...WHILE THE BANDS WERE MOVING EAST AT 15 TO 20 MPH. SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS MAY DEVELOP OVER SOUTHEASTERN HALF OF THE AREA THIS AFTERNOON. THE THREAT OF ADDITIONAL HEAVY RAINFALL OF ONE TO THREE INCHES IS ALSO POSSIBLE OVER AN AREA WHERE ONE TO THREE INCHES OCCURRED OVERNIGHT AND LOW AREA FLOODING MAY DEVELOP. FURTHER TO THE SOUTH..OVER EAST CENTRAL TEXAS INTO WEST CENTRAL AND CENTRAL LOUISIANA...RAIN AND THUNDERSTORMS CONTINUED...AN AREA WHERE RAINFALL EXCEEDED FIVE INCHES OVERNIGHT IN THE ALEXANDRIA AND LEESVILLE AREAS... GENERALLY OVER THE NORTHWEST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX...ONLY ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE ALONG WITH WIDESPREAD LIGHT AND OCCASIONAL MODERATE RAIN AND SHOWERS. IT WILL TURN BREEZY AND COOLER OVER THE NORTHWEST WITH TEMPERATURES FALLING INTO THE 40S AND 50S.
Special weather statement, Jan 27, 1:10 PM CST, 2 hours 53 minutes before
OKZ076-077-049-053-TXZ095-097-TXZ106>112-TXZ124>126-136>138-149>153- 166-167-ARZ050>053-ARZ059>061-ARZ066-ARZ070>073-LAZ001>027-272030- SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA 110 PM CST THU JAN 27 1994 ...TORNADO WATCH CONTINUED IN EFFECT FOR EAST CENTRAL TEXAS...AND THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF NORTH LOUISIANA...SOUTHWARD TO THE GULF COAST... ...FLASH FLOOD WATCH REMAINED IN EFFECT FOR THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX... AT 105 PM WIDESPREAD RAIN AND SHOWERS COVERED NORTH LOUISIANA...EAST TEXAS...SOUTH ARKANSAS AND SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA...WITH SCATTERED THUNDER- STORMS OVER THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE AREA. TWO BANDS OF STRONG THUNDER- STORMS WERE INDICATED...ONE WAS LOCATED FROM SOUTH OF EL DORADO ARKANSAS TO SOUTHEAST OF SHREVEPORT TO CENTER TEXAS. THE OTHER BAND WAS INDICATED FROM BETWEEN ST. JOSEPH AND WINNSBORO LOUISIANA TO BETWEEN ALEXANDRIA AND NATCHITOCHES LOUISIANA ACROSS THE LEESVILLE LOUISIANA AREA TO NORTHWEST OF HOUSTON TEXAS. . INDIVIDUAL THUNDERSTORMS WERE MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30 MPH...WHILE THE BANDS WERE MOVING EAST AT 15 TO 20 MPH. SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS MAY DEVELOP OVER SOUTHEASTERN HALF OF THE AREA THIS AFTERNOON. THE THREAT OF ADDITIONAL HEAVY RAINFALL OF ONE TO THREE INCHES IS ALSO POSSIBLE OVER AN AREA WHERE ONE TO THREE INCHES OCCURRED OVERNIGHT AND LOW AREA FLOODING MAY DEVELOP. FURTHER TO THE SOUTH..OVER EAST CENTRAL TEXAS INTO WEST CENTRAL AND CENTRAL LOUISIANA...RAIN AND THUNDERSTORMS CONTINUED...AN AREA WHERE RAINFALL EXCEEDED FIVE INCHES OVERNIGHT IN THE ALEXANDRIA AND LEESVILLE AREAS... GENERALLY OVER THE NORTHWEST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX...ONLY ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS ARE POSSIBLE ALONG WITH WIDESPREAD LIGHT AND OCCASIONAL MODERATE RAIN AND SHOWERS. IT WILL TURN BREEZY AND COOLER OVER THE NORTHWEST WITH TEMPERATURES FALLING INTO THE 40S AND 50S.
Special weather statement, Jan 27, 2:15 PM CST, 1 hour 48 minutes before
OKZ076-077-049-053-TXZ095-097-TXZ106>112-TXZ124>126-136>138-149>153- 166-167-ARZ050>053-ARZ059>061-ARZ066-ARZ070>073-LAZ001>027-272200- SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA 215 PM CST THU JAN 27 1994 ...TORNADO WATCH CONTINUED IN EFFECT FOR EAST CENTRAL TEXAS AND THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF NORTH LOUISIANA..SOUTHWARD TO THE GULF COAST... ...A FLASH FLOOD WATCH REMAINED IN EFFECT FOR THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX... AT 205 PM CST WEATHER SERVICE RADAR IN SHREVEPORT SHOWED A LARGE AREA OF SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS..SOME STORMS PRODUCING VERY HEAVY RAINFALL..THAT COVERED LOUISIANA AND THE ADJACENT SECTIONS OF EAST TEXAS..EXTREME SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA..AND SOUTH ARKANSAS. THE STRONGER THUNDERSTORMS OVER NORTHWEST LOUISIANA EXTENDED FROM NEAR PLAIN DEALING AND HOMER LOUISIANA SOUTHWEST TO NEAR MANSFIELD AND COUSHATTA LOUISIANA. OTHER STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE INDICATED OVER NORTHEAST LOUISIANA FROM NEAR RAYVILLE SOUTHWEST TO NEAR GRAYSON..MONTGOMERY..AND CYPRESS LOUISIANA AND INTO EAST TEXAS SOUTH OF LOWER TOLEDO BEND LAKE. INDIVIDUAL THUNDERSTORMS WERE MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30 MPH..WHILE THE OVERALL AREA SPREAD TO THE EAST AT 15 TO 20 MPH. THERE HAVE BEEN NO REPORTS OF SEVERE WEATHER OVER NORTH LOUISIANA AND EAST TEXAS IN THE TORNADO WATCH AREAS. ADDITIONAL HEAVY RAINFALL OF ONE TO THREE INCHES HAS OCCURED OVER PARTS OF NORTH LOUISIANA AND THE RAIN HAD OCCURRED ACROSS A REGION THAT HAD RECEIVED FROM ONE TO THREE INCHES OVERNIGHT. AS A RESULT SOME SMALL STREAMS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS HAVE REACHED NEAR BANKFULL AND LOW AREA FLOODING MAY DEVELOP. ALSO DUE TO THE HEAVY RAINS PONDING OF WATER IN STREETS AND LOW CROSSINGS HAD OCCURED IN SOME AREAS.
Special weather statement, Jan 27, 2:19 PM CST, 1 hour 44 minutes before
OKZ076-077-049-053-TXZ095-097-TXZ106>112-TXZ124>126-136>138-149>153- 166-167-ARZ050>053-ARZ059>061-ARZ066-ARZ070>073-LAZ001>027-272200- SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SHREVEPORT LA 215 PM CST THU JAN 27 1994 ...TORNADO WATCH CONTINUED IN EFFECT FOR EAST CENTRAL TEXAS AND THE SOUTHERN SECTIONS OF NORTH LOUISIANA..SOUTHWARD TO THE GULF COAST... ...A FLASH FLOOD WATCH REMAINED IN EFFECT FOR THE SOUTHEAST HALF OF THE ARKLATEX... AT 205 PM CST WEATHER SERVICE RADAR IN SHREVEPORT SHOWED A LARGE AREA OF SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS..SOME STORMS PRODUCING VERY HEAVY RAINFALL..THAT COVERED LOUISIANA AND THE ADJACENT SECTIONS OF EAST TEXAS..EXTREME SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA..AND SOUTH ARKANSAS. THE STRONGER THUNDERSTORMS OVER NORTHWEST LOUISIANA EXTENDED FROM NEAR PLAIN DEALING AND HOMER LOUISIANA SOUTHWEST TO NEAR MANSFIELD AND COUSHATTA LOUISIANA. OTHER STRONG THUNDERSTORMS WERE INDICATED OVER NORTHEAST LOUISIANA FROM NEAR RAYVILLE SOUTHWEST TO NEAR GRAYSON..MONTGOMERY..AND CYPRESS LOUISIANA AND INTO EAST TEXAS SOUTH OF LOWER TOLEDO BEND LAKE. INDIVIDUAL THUNDERSTORMS WERE MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30 MPH..WHILE THE OVERALL AREA SPREAD TO THE EAST AT 15 TO 20 MPH. THERE HAVE BEEN NO REPORTS OF SEVERE WEATHER OVER NORTH LOUISIANA AND EAST TEXAS IN THE TORNADO WATCH AREAS. ADDITIONAL HEAVY RAINFALL OF ONE TO THREE INCHES HAS OCCURED OVER PARTS OF NORTH LOUISIANA AND THE RAIN HAD OCCURRED ACROSS A REGION THAT HAD RECEIVED FROM ONE TO THREE INCHES OVERNIGHT. AS A RESULT SOME SMALL STREAMS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS HAVE REACHED NEAR BANKFULL AND LOW AREA FLOODING MAY DEVELOP. ALSO DUE TO THE HEAVY RAINS PONDING OF WATER IN STREETS AND LOW CROSSINGS HAD OCCURED IN SOME AREAS.
The office that day
Everything else NWS Shreveport, LA issued on the same UTC day.
| Issued | Product | Office | Counties | Lasted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan 26, 8:26 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Bossier, Caddo | 64 min |
| Jan 26, 8:26 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | De Soto | 64 min |
| Jan 26, 9:01 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Bienville, Webster | 59 min |
| Jan 26, 9:01 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Natchitoches, Red River | 59 min |
| Jan 26, 9:23 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Jackson, Winn | 67 min |
| Jan 26, 10:00 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Caldwell, Ouachita | 75 min |
| Jan 26, 10:00 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Lincoln | 75 min |
| Jan 26, 11:06 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Caldwell, Franklin, Richland | 69 min |
| Jan 26, 11:06 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Claiborne | 69 min |
| Jan 26, 11:48 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Madison, Tensas | 42 min |
| Jan 27, 2:48 PM CST | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV | Tensas | 42 min |
| Jan 27, 4:03 PM CST | Flash Flood Warning | SHV | Franklin, Madison, Tensas | 5 hr |
| Jan 27, 4:03 PM CST | Flash Flood Warning | SHV | Sabine | 5 hr |
Nearby
Flash Flood Warnings in Louisiana, 1994Every flash flood warning in 1994
Sources
The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive.