September 28, 2018 Tsunami: Sulawesi, Indonesia

Ref #12235, 12237, 12246, 12252, 12254, 12262:

The earthquake, tsunami and liquefaction disasters that hit 4 regions in Central Sulawesi, namely the City of Palu, Donggala, Sigi and Parigi Moutong, were directly affected by the disaster.

Damage included 68451 houses, 327 worship houses, 265 schools, 78 offices, 362 shops, 168 cracks, 7 bridges. Of the Rp. 13.82 trillion economic impact caused by the disaster, the loss reached Rp. 1.99 trillion and the damage reached Rp. 11.83 trillion

Ref #12715, 12480:

Based on the final count reported by the Central Sulawesi Governor, Longki Djanggola, to the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) The victim of Palu EQ and Tsunami: 4340 dead, 10679 injured, 667 missing

Ref #12737:

"The last [death] count is 4,340," [Central Sulawesi Governor Longki Djanggola] told The Jakarta Post[...]final damage count, unveiling that 17,293 buildings were mildly damaged, another 12,717 buildings sustained medium damage, 9,181 severe damage and 3,673 were declared gone.

Ref #12479:

[...]it was suspected that 1252 victims were killed in the tsunami.

Ref #12255:

[...]the tsunami in Palu bay has a relatively short period of wave, indicating the arrival onshore and creates huge impact at the distance of 50 m from the coastline where the maximum flow depth reaches up to 8 m. This flow depth is rapidly decreased when it passing through dense population into average of 1 m flow depth inside the house located at the distance about 150m from the shoreline. The above-mentioned findings suggested that tsunami might be generated by mechanism other than the strike-slip earthquake

Ref #12288:

consisted 3 waves with intervals around 1 min, 5 min and 10 min after the earthquakes. The tsunami in the narrow Palu Bay caused a maximum tsunami amplification of 10.6 m in Tondo Village, East Palu. The farthest tsunami inundation was at the Mercure Hotel area, Lere, East Palu: 468.8 m from the shoreline.

Ref #12289:

Submarine landslides played major role on tsunami generation

Ref #12364:

liquefaction-induced total collapse of coastal land caused liquefied sediment flows, resulting in a tsunami[...]tidal data implied that less than 20% of the tsunami height was related to tectonic processes, and the majority was caused by the coastal and submarine landslides as characterized by liquefied gravity flows

Ref #12635:

seafloor displacement was the main cause of the large tsunami.

Ref #12608:

lack of available detailed bathymetric data after the event causes uncertainties in determining whether a sub-marine landslide inside the bay could also have contributed to the event

Ref #12652:

deaths: 4,340

coincidence of the earthquake with the high tide phase amplified the effect on tsunami inundation

It is difficult to conclude the main causes of the large tsunami

tsunami damage was more severe at the inner part and on the eastern side of Palu Bay, than the western side. This was partly because the eastern side of Palu Bay subsided due to the earthquake rupture

Ref #12532, 12634:

Overall losses US$1.5 billion

Ref #12713:

more than 4,400 fatalities, displaced approximately 170,000 people, and caused over $1.3 billion in economic losses