A cold front moved east from the Great Lakes and crossed Connecticut the night of the 17th. A pre-frontal trough preceded the front mid-afternoon of the 17th.
Every event with a place to put it. Tap one for its entry below.
Deaths and injuries are direct and indirect together, as the offices filed them. Damage is property and crops in the dollars of the year, not adjusted for inflation, and only where an office estimated it.
The episode as NWS BOX wrote it up.
A cold front moved east from the Great Lakes and crossed Connecticut the night of the 17th. A pre-frontal trough preceded the front mid-afternoon of the 17th. This brought thunderstorms with damaging winds and downpours. This also caused a tornado in Ashford, crossing Ashford Lake during mid afternoon. Two to three inches of rain fell in local downpours.
The local office's own words before the first event, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Boston/Norton, MA wrote its last area forecast discussion before the first event at Jul 17, 1:08 PM EST, 57 minutes earlier.
Area Forecast Discussion
National Weather Service Boston/Norton MA
208 PM EDT Tue Jul 17 2018
.SYNOPSIS...
A cold front pushing into a very warm and humid airmass will
trigger a line of strong thunderstorms this afternoon and
evening, with localized torrential rainfall and potentially
damaging winds. Other than perhaps some lingering showers early
Wednesday across Cape Cod and Nantucket, dry weather is
anticipated the rest of the work week along with much lower
humidity including warm afternoons and cool nights. Unsettled
weather may return sometime Sunday into Monday along with
increasing humidity.
&&
.NEAR TERM /UNTIL 7 PM THIS EVENING/...
* Severe Thunderstorm Watch Until 7 PM
* Localized Flash Flooding Possible Into This Evening
2 pm update...
Widespread showers and thunderstorms were impacting western and
northern MA as well as portions of western CT at mid afternoon.
MLCape values were on the order of 1500 to 2500 J/KG...which
was pretty much the driving force along with the associated cold
front. We have seen a few severe thunderstorms thus far...but
bulk effective shear and poor mid level lapse rates have limited
this from being a widespread severe weather event at this point.
Nonetheless...given the amount of instability that has
developed isolated to scattered strong to severe thunderstorms
will remain possible into early this evening with main threats
being damaging straight line wind gusts. It is not out of the
question that we see a very localized area or two with more
extensive damage if a wet microburst occurs.
The other concern into early this evening will be for localized
flash flooding. We have not see too much flooding yet other than
the typical poor drainage street flooding. However...there are
some trends that the southwest movement the activity was
beginning to train given its parallel setup to the cold front.
Instantaneous rainfall rates have been impressive which is no
surprise given Pwats around 2.25 inches. Therefore...expect to
see an uptick in street flooding. Localized urban flash flooding
threat continues as well if the 2+ inch per hour rainfall rates
occur over our typically prone locations.
&&
.SHORT TERM /7 PM THIS EVENING THROUGH 6 AM WEDNESDAY/...
The line of showers and thunderstorms will move across eastern
MA and Rhode Island this evening. Locally torrential rainfall
could cause flooding in eastern MA and RI. Instability
continues well into the night, however, so there is a chance of
additional showers and thunderstorms developing in western
sections and moving east, mainly before midnight. Skies will
begin to clear in the western third to half of the forecast area
by early Wednesday morning. But as low pressure develops south
of Nantucket along the front, some showers could linger in
southeast MA. Areas of fog will be possible there. Lows should
range from 60 to 65 west to near 70 southeast.
&&
.LONG TERM /WEDNESDAY THROUGH MONDAY/...
Highlights...
* Dry and much less humid later Wed thru Fri, possibly into Sat
* Highs 80-85 each afternoon and 50s at night
* Showers/storms and humid conditions return Sunday/Monday
Overview...
17.00z ensembles (ECENS & GEFS) show northeast trough Wednesday
departing and deamplifying which gives way to ridging Friday and
likely lingering into Saturday. At the surface this translates to a
cold front slowly exiting the Cape Wed followed by 1018 mb high
pressure building into New England Wed night/Thu and accompanied by
a much less humid airmass. The high then moves offshore Friday but
with ridge axis arcing back into New England thru Saturday.
Ensembles suggest northern stream remains active with robust mid
level trough entering the Great Lakes this weekend and taking on a
negative tilt along the eastern seaboard Sun/Mon. This will support
a return to more humid weather along with risk of showers/T-storms.
Temperatures...
850 mb temps begin Wed around +13C/+14C but then lower to about +11C
in the post frontal airmass Thu morning, but modify to +13C by days
end, yielding highs in the low 80s away from coastal seabreezes.
Airmass slow warms to about +15C Friday and Saturday which will
support highs in the mid 80s inland. However humidity remains
comfortable as seen by GEFS PWATs remaining below normal (1 to
2 standard deviations below normal) thru Sat with core of dry
air over the region Wed night into Thu. This dry airmass will
support lows in the 50s overnight, very comfortable. Also given
high pres overhead Thu ngt decided to lean toward the cooler MOS
guidance per ideal radiational cooling conditions. This dry
column will also yield plenty of sunshine Thu and Fri, possibly
Sat as well. 850 mb temps remain about +15C Sunday but do warm
to about +17C Mon. However the main story Sun/Mon will be the
increasing humidity as the low level flow becomes southerly and
advects dew pts into the 60s Sunday and then low to mid 70s
Monday!
Precipitation...
Any organized showers/T-storms will be focused across Cape Cod and
Nantucket Wed morning as slow moving cold front and frontal wave
move across this region in the morning. Trailing short wave sweeps
across the region later in the day along with attending cold front
moving offshore. Thus drying trend Wed which persist Thu, Fri and
likely into Sat. Next chance of showers/T-storms likely arrives Sun
and Mon as negative tilt mid level trough dives out of the Great
Lakes into the Mid Atlc region. Heavy rainers possible as
subtropical stream gets captured by negative tilt trough sending
PWATs of +1 to +2 standard deviations up the eastern seaboard into
New England Sun/Mon.
&&
.AVIATION /18Z TUESDAY THROUGH SUNDAY/...
Forecaster Confidence Levels...
Low - less than 30 percent.
Moderate - 30 to 60 percent.
High - greater than 60 percent.
Short Term /through Wednesday/...
This afternoon and early evening...Moderate confidence.
Numerous showers and thunderstorms with localized torrential
rainfall will continue into early this evening along and
especially northwest of the Boston to Providence corridor. A few
of the storms may continue to produce localized strong wind
gusts. So while VFR conditions may dominate outside the
storms...IFR to even brief LIFR conditions will be possible
under the core of the storms.
Later This Evening Through Tonight...Moderate to high
confidence. Activity should weaken some as it gets southeast of
the Boston to Providence corridor this evening...but some
showers and embedded t-storms with brief heavy rain are still
possible. Conditions improve to VFR across most locations later
this evening. However...southwest flow will result in low
clouds and fog across the Cape/Islands.
Wednesday...High confidence. Lingering low clouds/fog patches
across the Cape/Islands during the morning lift by late
morning/early afternoon. Otherwise...VFR conditions.
KBOS Terminal...Moderate confidence in TAF. Thunderstorms to
impact the terminal through 20 or 21z.
KBDL Terminal...Moderate confidence in TAF. Thunderstorms to
impact the terminal through 20 or 21z.
Outlook /Wednesday through Saturday/...
Wednesday through Thursday: VFR.
Thursday Night: Mainly VFR, with local IFR possible.
Friday: VFR.
Friday Night: Mainly VFR, with local IFR possible. Patchy BR.
Saturday: VFR.
&&
.MARINE...
Forecaster Confidence Levels...
Low - less than 30 percent.
Moderate - 30 to 60 percent.
High - greater than 60 percent.
Short Term /through Tonight/...High confidence.
Today and tonight...High confidence.
Nearshore southwest wind gusts near 25 knots are expected to
develop this afternoon with good mixing ahead of the approaching
cold front. Small Craft Advisories remain in effect for this
region. In addition...long southwest fetch will result in seas
building to between 3 and 5 feet across the outer waters...where
Small Craft Advisories also remain in effect. A few strong
thunderstorms are possible late this afternoon and tonight.
Winds could exceed 40 kts in the strongest storms.
Outlook /Wednesday through Saturday/...
Wednesday: Winds less than 25 kt. Areas of seas approaching
5 ft. Slight chance of rain showers, patchy fog.
Wednesday Night: Winds less than 25 kt. Seas up to 5 ft.
Thursday: Winds less than 25 kt. Areas of seas approaching
5 ft.
Thursday Night through Friday Night: Winds less than 25 kt.
Saturday: Winds less than 25 kt. Seas locally approaching 5 ft.
&&
.BOX WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES...
CT...Flash Flood Watch until 10 PM EDT this evening for CTZ002>004.
Heat Advisory until 5 PM EDT this afternoon for CTZ002>004.
MA...Flash Flood Watch until 10 PM EDT this evening for MAZ002>017-
026.
Heat Advisory until 5 PM EDT this afternoon for MAZ005-006-
012>014-017.
RI...Flash Flood Watch until 10 PM EDT this evening for RIZ001>004.
Heat Advisory until 5 PM EDT this afternoon for RIZ001.
MARINE...Small Craft Advisory until 6 PM EDT this evening for
ANZ230>234-236-251.
Small Craft Advisory until 8 PM EDT this evening for ANZ235-
237.
Small Craft Advisory until 11 PM EDT this evening for ANZ250-
254>256.
&&
SYNOPSIS...Nocera/GAF
NEAR TERM...Frank
SHORT TERM...GAF
LONG TERM...Nocera
AVIATION...Frank/Nocera
MARINE...Nocera/GAFHazardous Weather Outlook National Weather Service Boston/Norton MA 1118 AM EDT Tue Jul 17 2018 MAZ002>004-007>011-015-016-026-RIZ002>004-181530- Western Franklin MA-Eastern Franklin MA-Northern Worcester MA- Eastern Essex MA-Western Hampshire MA-Western Hampden MA- Eastern Hampshire MA-Eastern Hampden MA-Suffolk MA- Eastern Norfolk MA-Northern Middlesex MA-Southeast Providence RI- Western Kent RI-Eastern Kent RI- 1118 AM EDT Tue Jul 17 2018 ...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH 278 IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING... ...FLASH FLOOD WATCH IN EFFECT UNTIL 10 PM EDT THIS EVENING... This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for central Massachusetts, eastern Massachusetts, northeastern Massachusetts, western Massachusetts and northern Rhode Island. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight. Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the Internet for more information about the following hazards. Severe Thunderstorm Watch. Flash Flood Watch. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday. No hazardous weather is expected at this time. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will likely be needed. CTZ002>004-MAZ005-006-012>014-017-RIZ001-181530- Hartford CT-Tolland CT-Windham CT-Central Middlesex MA- Western Essex MA-Southern Worcester MA-Western Norfolk MA- Southeast Middlesex MA-Northern Bristol MA-Northwest Providence RI- 1118 AM EDT Tue Jul 17 2018 ...HEAT ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 5 PM EDT THIS AFTERNOON... ...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH 278 IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING... ...FLASH FLOOD WATCH IN EFFECT UNTIL 10 PM EDT THIS EVENING... This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for northern Connecticut, central Massachusetts, eastern Massachusetts, northeastern Massachusetts, southeastern Massachusetts and northern Rhode Island. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight. Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the Internet for more information about the following hazards. Heat Advisory. Severe Thunderstorm Watch. Flash Flood Watch. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday. No hazardous weather is expected at this time. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will likely be needed. MAZ022>024-RIZ005>008-181530- Barnstable MA-Dukes MA-Nantucket MA-Bristol RI-Washington RI- Newport RI-Block Island RI- 1118 AM EDT Tue Jul 17 2018 This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for southeastern Massachusetts, northern Rhode Island and southern Rhode Island. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight. Low risk for a few strong thunderstorms with locally very heavy rainfall and gusty winds before weakening as activity enters southeast MA. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday. No hazardous weather is expected at this time. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will likely be needed. MAZ018>021-181530- Western Plymouth MA-Eastern Plymouth MA-Southern Bristol MA- Southern Plymouth MA- 1118 AM EDT Tue Jul 17 2018 ...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH 278 IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING... This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for southeastern Massachusetts. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight. Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the Internet for more information about the following hazards. Severe Thunderstorm Watch. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday. No hazardous weather is expected at this time. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will likely be needed. ANZ231>237-250-254>256-181530- Cape Cod Bay-Nantucket Sound-Vineyard Sound-Buzzards Bay- Rhode Island Sound-Narragansett Bay-Block Island Sound- Coastal waters east of Ipswich Bay and the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary- Coastal waters from Provincetown MA to Chatham MA to Nantucket MA out 20 nm- Coastal Waters extending out to 25 nm South of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket- Coastal Waters from Montauk NY to Marthas Vineyard extending out to 20 nm South of Block Island- 1118 AM EDT Tue Jul 17 2018 This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for Massachusetts coastal waters and Rhode Island coastal waters. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight. A few strong thunderstorms are possible over the waters late this afternoon and early evening. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday. No hazardous weather is expected at this time. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will likely be needed. ANZ230-251-181530- Boston Harbor-Massachusetts Bay and Ipswich Bay- 1118 AM EDT Tue Jul 17 2018 ...SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH 278 IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING... This Hazardous Weather Outlook is for Massachusetts coastal waters. .DAY ONE...This Afternoon and Tonight. Please listen to NOAA Weather Radio or go to weather.gov on the Internet for more information about the following hazards. Severe Thunderstorm Watch. A few strong thunderstorms are possible over the waters late this afternoon and early evening. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...Wednesday through Monday. No hazardous weather is expected at this time. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... Spotter activation will likely be needed. For the latest updates, please visit our webpage at www.weather.gov/boston You can follow us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/NWSBoston You can follow us on Twitter at @NWSBoston
Special Weather Statement National Weather Service Boston/Norton MA 1233 PM EDT TUE JUL 17 2018 MAZ003-004-010-026-171715- Northwest Middlesex County MA-Northern Worcester MA- Eastern Franklin MA-Eastern Hampshire MA- 1233 PM EDT TUE JUL 17 2018 ...LINE OF STRONG THUNDERSTORMS... At 1233 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking strong thunderstorms along a line extending from Phillipston to near Pelham. Movement was east at 35 mph. Winds in excess of 40 mph and torrential downpours will accompany these storms. Locations impacted include... Leominster, Fitchburg, Amherst, Gardner, Holden, Athol, Lunenburg, Ware, Lancaster, Templeton, Rutland, Sterling, West Boylston, Ayer, Westminster, Shirley, Harvard, Barre, Paxton and Hubbardston. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Get indoors when these storms approach. Winds may be strong enough to produce minor damage, such as a few downed branches. && LAT...LON 4256 7160 4231 7184 4236 7253 4260 7214 TIME...MOT...LOC 1633Z 274DEG 35KT 4255 7214 4241 7239 KJC
PRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BOSTON/NORTON MA
104 PM EDT TUE JUL 17 2018
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
1222 PM LIGHTNING WESTHAMPTON 42.30N 72.77W
07/17/2018 HAMPSHIRE MA AMATEUR RADIO
TREE DOWN ON HOUSE AND CAR ON SOUTHAMPTON ROAD
1251 PM TSTM WND DMG BARRE 42.42N 72.11W
07/17/2018 WORCESTER MA AMATEUR RADIO
LARGE LIMB AND WIRES DOWN ON PLEASANT STREET
1258 PM TSTM WND DMG WESTMINSTER 42.55N 71.90W
07/17/2018 WORCESTER MA AMATEUR RADIO
TREE DOWN BLOCKING ROAD ON SHADY AVE
0103 PM TSTM WND DMG AMHERST 42.38N 72.52W
07/17/2018 HAMPSHIRE MA AMATEUR RADIO
WIRES DOWN ON PELHAM ROAD
&&
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804123
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804124
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804125
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804126
LECPRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BOSTON/NORTON MA
147 PM EDT TUE JUL 17 2018
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0110 PM TSTM WND DMG WESTFORD 42.58N 71.43W
07/17/2018 MIDDLESEX MA AMATEUR RADIO
TREE DOWN ON SPRING STREET
0115 PM TSTM WND DMG BILLERICA 42.55N 71.27W
07/17/2018 MIDDLESEX MA AMATEUR RADIO
LARGE TREE DOWN ON SALEM ROAD
0127 PM TSTM WND DMG WILMINGTON 42.56N 71.17W
07/17/2018 MIDDLESEX MA AMATEUR RADIO
WIRES DOWN ON FALCON ROAD
0128 PM TSTM WND DMG BILLERICA 42.55N 71.27W
07/17/2018 MIDDLESEX MA AMATEUR RADIO
LARGE TREE DOWN BETWEEN FRIENDSHIP STREET AND CLINTON
STREET
0131 PM TSTM WND DMG WILMINGTON 42.56N 71.17W
07/17/2018 MIDDLESEX MA AMATEUR RADIO
TREE DOWN ACROSS ALSTON AVE
0144 PM FLASH FLOOD LOWELL 42.64N 71.32W
07/17/2018 MIDDLESEX MA PUBLIC
FLOODING ON ROUTE 38 AT PARKVIEW STREET
&&
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804127
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804128
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804129
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804130
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804131
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804132
LECPRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BOSTON/NORTON MA
224 PM EDT TUE JUL 17 2018
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
1220 PM TSTM WND DMG WINCHENDON 42.68N 72.04W
07/17/2018 WORCESTER MA AMATEUR RADIO
TREE DOWN ON WIRES ON BALDWINVILLE STATE HIGHWAY AT
ENTRANCE TO LAKE DENNISON
0120 PM TSTM WND DMG LEOMINSTER 42.52N 71.77W
07/17/2018 WORCESTER MA AMATEUR RADIO
TREE DOWN ON PLEASANT STREET BY SHOWLAN FARMS
&&
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804133
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804134
LECSpecial Weather Statement
National Weather Service Boston/Norton MA
234 PM EDT TUE JUL 17 2018
CTZ002-171915-
Hartford CT-
234 PM EDT TUE JUL 17 2018
...STRONG THUNDERSTORM OVER SOUTHWEST HARTFORD COUNTY...
At 234 PM EDT, Doppler radar was tracking a strong thunderstorm over
Southington, moving east at 30 mph.
Dime size hail and winds in excess of 40 mph will accompany this
storm.
Locations impacted include...
Hartford, New Britain, West Hartford, Meriden, Bristol, Manchester,
East Hartford, Southington, Glastonbury, Newington, Wethersfield,
Farmington, Wolcott, East Hampton, Berlin, Rocky Hill, Plainville,
Cromwell, Hebron and Portland.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
Get indoors when this storm approaches. Winds may be strong enough to
produce minor damage, such as a few downed branches.
&&
LAT...LON 4179 7247 4159 7242 4158 7246 4164 7250
4163 7271 4160 7272 4159 7275 4158 7276
4157 7280 4156 7281 4157 7283 4156 7285
4156 7294 4163 7293 4164 7295 4172 7296
TIME...MOT...LOC 1834Z 262DEG 24KT 4163 7289
KJCPRELIMINARY LOCAL STORM REPORT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BOSTON/NORTON MA
242 PM EDT TUE JUL 17 2018
..TIME... ...EVENT... ...CITY LOCATION... ...LAT.LON...
..DATE... ....MAG.... ..COUNTY LOCATION..ST.. ...SOURCE....
..REMARKS..
0219 PM FLASH FLOOD BELCHERTOWN 42.27N 72.40W
07/17/2018 HAMPSHIRE MA AMATEUR RADIO
ROUTE 202 AT GRANBY TOWN LINE FLOODED
0228 PM FLASH FLOOD SAUGUS 42.47N 71.02W
07/17/2018 ESSEX MA BROADCAST MEDIA
STREET FLOODING IN CLIFTONDALE SQUARE
&&
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804135
EVENT NUMBER BOX1804136
LECThe Brookhaven radar (KOKX), 95 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the first event began at 19:05 UTC.
5 thunderstorm wind, 1 tornado. Local standard time, as filed.
At 2:05 PM EST, a thunderstorm crossing Farmington Connecticut brought a tree and wires down on Colton Street, and a tree was brought down on Reservoir Road.
At 2:10 PM EST, a thunderstorm moving over New Britain brought a tree down on wires on Slater Road.
At 2:45 PM EST, a thunderstorm over Stafford Springs brought a tree down on wires on Diamond Ledge Road.
At 3 PM EST, an EF-0 tornado touched down west of Ashford Lake and moved generally east for about one minute. Damage was confined to a narrow area bounded by North Road to the west and Ashford Lake to the east, and by Birchwood drive to the north and Westview Drive to the south. Numerous large trees were uprooted in this area. While the tornado was over the lake, a local resident observed water from the lake was lifted fifty to sixty feet into the air. The tornado then lifted off the surface over the east end of Ashford Lake. Overall, the tornado had maximum winds of 85 MPH. Numerous trees were uprooted by the tornado along its path. Path length was 0.4 miles and width was 225 yards.
At 3:19 PM EST, a thunderstorm over Pomfret brought a small tree down and left other debris on Quasset Road.
At 3:32 PM EST a thunderstorm moving over Putnam brought a three-foot diameter tree down on wires on Charles Street.
After NWS Directive 10-1605, the rules offices file Storm Data by.
Every storm in Connecticut in 2018Every state in 2018This day in weather historyThe tornado archive for Connecticut, 2018Warnings in Connecticut, July 2018
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database, compiled from the National Weather Service’s monthly Storm Data. Complete through 2026-06; NCEI adds each month about 75 days after it ends and revises past years a few times a year. Rebuilt 2026-09-24. Each event’s entry at NCEI: 765441, 765445, 765460, 765477, 765471, 765473.