A weak mid-to-upper level shortwave swept across the Southern Appalachians early on the 2nd, with scattered showers and isolated thunderstorms developing early in the morning. During the day, the remnants of a squall line over the Lower Mississippi Valley pushed into the Southeast.
Every event with a place to put it. Tap one for its entry below.
Deaths and injuries are direct and indirect together, as the offices filed them. Damage is property and crops in the dollars of the year, not adjusted for inflation, and only where an office estimated it.
The episode as NWS FFC wrote it up.
A weak mid-to-upper level shortwave swept across the Southern Appalachians early on the 2nd, with scattered showers and isolated thunderstorms developing early in the morning. During the day, the remnants of a squall line over the Lower Mississippi Valley pushed into the Southeast. This combined with the shortwave and daytime heating allowed scattered to numerous showers and thunderstorms to develop. Some thunderstorms reached severe levels with mainly damaging winds, but there were a couple of hail reports as well.
The local office's own words before the first event, as it sent them, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service text.
NWS Atlanta, GA wrote its last area forecast discussion before the first event at Jun 2, 1:07 PM EST, 43 minutes earlier.
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA 207 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 .PREV DISCUSSION... UPDATE... /ISSUED 1025 AM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013/ SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS HAVE BEEN SLOW TO DEVELOP ACROSS MUCH OF THE CWA THIS MORNING SO MAIN CHANGE TO THE FORECAST HAS BEEN TO REDUCE POPS FOR THE MORNING. BY EARLY AFTERNOON THOUGH...THE HRRR INCREASES COVERAGE GREATLY ACROSS THE NORTH AND WESTERN PART OF THE CWA AND THIS IS IN LINE WITH THE FORECAST. SOME INDICATION IN THE MODELS SUCH AS THE GFS AND ECMWF THAT THE BETTER COVERAGE WILL CONTINUE INTO TONIGHT AND MAY NEED TO ADJUST OUR POPS UPWARD OVERNIGHT IN FUTURE UPDATES. PORTIONS OF FANNIN AND GILMER COUNTY HAVE ALREADY SEEN AROUND 4 INCHES OF RAIN DURING THIS EVENT SO FAR. ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE RECEIVED A REPRIEVE FROM THE HEAVY RAIN...WILL HAVE TO CONTINUE TO MONITOR THIS AREA CLOSELY FOR POTENTIAL ISOLATED FLOODING AS HEAVY RAIN IS POSSIBLE AGAIN THIS AFTERNOON. 11 PREV DISCUSSION... SHORT TERM /TODAY THROUGH MONDAY/... /ISSUED 353 AM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013/ MEDIUM RANGE MODELS ARE TRENDING A BIT SLOWER WITH THE COLD FRONTAL PROGRESS ACROSS THE REGION. WEAK MID/UPPER-LEVEL SHORT WAVE CURRENTLY SWEEPING ACROSS THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS HAS RESULTED IN SCATTERED SHOWERS...AND A FEW ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS...ACROSS NORTH GEORGIA EARLY THIS MORNING. INSTABILITY IS VERY LIMITED INITIALLY SO I DO NOT EXPECT THIS ACTIVITY TO STRENGTHEN SIGNIFICANTLY. BETTER CHANCES FOR THUNDERSTORMS APPROACH FROM THE WEST AFTER SUN-UP AS THE REMAINS OF THE LINEAR CONVECTIVE SYSTEM OVER THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY APPROACH AND INSTABILITY INCREASES. CAPE/LI/MID-LEVEL LAPSE RATES ARE EXPECTED TO REMAIN MODERATE AT BEST THROUGH THIS AFTERNOON INTO THIS EVENING SO WIDESPREAD SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ARE STILL NOT EXPECTED...HOWEVER A FEW STRONG STORMS WITH GUSTY WINDS...SMALL HAIL AND FREQUENT LIGHTNING ARE STILL LIKELY. THE COLD FRONT IS NOT EXPECTED TO CLEAR NORTH GEORGIA UNTIL SOMETIME DURING THE DAY MONDAY SO I HAVE KEPT CHANCE POPS FOR THE ENTIRE FORECAST AREA THROUGH 00Z TUESDAY. INSTABILITY IS PROGGED TO DIMINISH QUICKLY OVERNIGHT TONIGHT BUT MODELS DO INDICATE THAT MODERATE INSTABILITY DEVELOPS ONCE AGAIN MONDAY ACROSS THE SOUTHEASTERN HALF OF THE FORECAST AREA AHEAD OF THE COLD FRONT. UPPER-LEVEL SUPPORT REMAINS FAIRLY MODEST THROUGH THIS TIME PERIOD BUT WEAK WAVES IN THE UPPER FLOW...MODERATE LOW-LEVEL FORCING ALONG AND AHEAD OF THE COLD FRONT...AND THE SLOW NATURE OF THE SYSTEM WILL RESULT IN RAINFALL TOTALS AVERAGING AROUND AN INCH TO AN INCH AND A HALF ACROSS NORTH GEORGIA WITH AVERAGES BETWEEN 3/4 OF AN INCH AND AN INCH ACROSS CENTRAL GEORGIA. THIS IS NOT EXPECTED TO RESULT IN WIDESPREAD FLOODING ISSUES. 20 LONG TERM /MONDAY NIGHT THROUGH SATURDAY/... /ISSUED 353 AM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013/ MODELS SHOW THE COLD FRONT PUSHING INTO SOUTH GA MONDAY NIGHT... WHERE IT MEANDERS... THEN DRIFTS BACK NORTH SLIGHTLY BY TUESDAY AFTERNOON. THIS WILL WARRANT HOLDING ONTO A SLIGHT CHANCE OF MAINLY AFTERNOON AND EVENING THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE SOUTHERN REACHES OF THE FORECAST AREA ON TUESDAY. A SLIGHT CHANCE OF STORMS SPREAD BACK ACROSS NORTH GA BY WEDNESDAY AS AN EASTERLY WIND FLOW BEGINS TO ADVECT DEEP ATLANTIC MOISTURE BACK OVER THE AREA WHILE A SERIES OF UPPER DISTURBANCES BEGIN TO CARVE A BROAD LONG WAVE TROUGH THAT STRETCHES DOWN THE MS VALLEY REGION BY WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON. THIS UPPER TROUGH DEEPENS OVER THE SOUTH ON THURSDAY AND PROVIDES THE SUPPORT FOR SCATTERED SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE ENTIRE FORECAST AREA THURSDAY AFTERNOON AND EVENING. AT THE SAME TIME... THE ECMWF AND GFS SHOW AN EARLY SEASON TROPICAL SYSTEM PUSHING INTO THE EASTERN GULF ON THURSDAY... ACROSS CENTRAL FL AND INTO THE WESTERN ATLANTIC ON FRIDAY...THEN UP THE EAST COAST ON SATURDAY AS HIGH PRESSURE BUILDING SOUTH OF CANADA HELPS HOLD THE SYSTEM OFF SHORE. AHEAD OF THIS SYSTEM ON FRIDAY... A CONTINUED MOIST EASTERLY FLOW AND UPPER TROUGH WILL SUPPORT DIURNALLY DRIVEN AFTERNOON AND EVENING CONVECTION ACROSS THE AREA AGAIN ON FRIDAY. AS THE TROPICAL SYSTEM PUSHES OFF TO THE NE ON SATURDAY... MODELS SHOW A COLD FRONT AND DRIER AIR SPREADING SOUTH IN ITS WAKE. DUE TO MUCH UNCERTAINTY ON TIMING AND TRACK... WILL CONTINUE TO SHOW A CHANCE OF CONVECTION ON SATURDAY FOR NOW AND MONITOR CHANGES IN THE MODEL RUNS CLOSELY OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL DAYS. 39 && .AVIATION... 18Z UPDATE... CONVECTION HAS BEGUN TO DEVELOP AROUND THE TERMINALS AND FOR NOW IS ORIENTED IN TWO LINES. EXPECT CONVECTION TO CONTINUE THROUGH THIS EVENING BUT THEN CHANCES WILL DECREASE. HAVE KEPT SHRA IN THE TAFS FOR MUCH OF THE NIGHT...BUT CANT COMPLETELY RULE OUT THE CHANCE OF MORE TSRA. COULD SEE SOME GUSTY WINDS AND BRIEF LOWER CIGS IN THE TSRA BUT SO SHORT LIVED THAT HAVENT INCLUDED IT IN THE TAF YET EXCEPT FOR MINOR REDUCTION IN VSBY. CIGS ARE EXPECTED TO LOWER OVERNIGHT INTO THE IFR TO LOW MVFR RANGE. //ATL CONFIDENCE...18Z UPDATE... MEDIUM CONFIDENCE ON TIMING OF CONVECTION...VSBYS AND CIGS. HIGH CONFIDENCE ON WIND DIRECTION...BUT MEDIUM ON SPEEDS DUE TO POSSIBLE GUSTS IN TSRA. 11 && .PRELIMINARY POINT TEMPS/POPS... ATHENS 83 68 84 64 / 70 80 40 30 ATLANTA 83 69 84 66 / 80 80 40 10 BLAIRSVILLE 79 64 80 61 / 80 80 40 10 CARTERSVILLE 82 66 84 61 / 80 80 40 10 COLUMBUS 85 71 86 69 / 70 80 50 30 GAINESVILLE 82 68 83 65 / 80 80 40 20 MACON 86 69 85 67 / 60 60 50 40 ROME 82 67 83 60 / 80 80 30 10 PEACHTREE CITY 83 67 84 61 / 80 80 40 20 VIDALIA 88 72 86 69 / 50 60 60 40 && .FFC WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES... NONE. && SHORT TERM...11 LONG TERM....DEESE AVIATION...11
HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA 238 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 GAZ001>009-011>016-019>025-027-030>039-041>062-066>076-078>086- 089>098-102>113-031845- BALDWIN-BANKS-BARROW-BARTOW-BIBB-BLECKLEY-BUTTS-CARROLL-CATOOSA- CHATTAHOOCHEE-CHATTOOGA-CHEROKEE-CLARKE-CLAYTON-COBB-COWETA- CRAWFORD-CRISP-DADE-DAWSON-DEKALB-DODGE-DOOLY-DOUGLAS-EMANUEL- FANNIN-FAYETTE-FLOYD-FORSYTH-GILMER-GLASCOCK-GORDON-GREENE- GWINNETT-HALL-HANCOCK-HARALSON-HARRIS-HEARD-HENRY-HOUSTON-JACKSON- JASPER-JEFFERSON-JOHNSON-JONES-LAMAR-LAURENS-LUMPKIN-MACON- MADISON-MARION-MERIWETHER-MONROE-MONTGOMERY-MORGAN-MURRAY- MUSCOGEE-NEWTON-NORTH FULTON-OCONEE-OGLETHORPE-PAULDING-PEACH- PICKENS-PIKE-POLK-PULASKI-PUTNAM-ROCKDALE-SCHLEY-SOUTH FULTON- SPALDING-STEWART-SUMTER-TALBOT-TALIAFERRO-TAYLOR-TELFAIR-TOOMBS- TOWNS-TREUTLEN-TROUP-TWIGGS-UNION-UPSON-WALKER-WALTON-WARREN- WASHINGTON-WEBSTER-WHEELER-WHITE-WHITFIELD-WILCOX-WILKES- WILKINSON- 238 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 THIS HAZARDOUS WEATHER OUTLOOK IS FOR PORTIONS OF NORTH AND CENTRAL GEORGIA. .DAY ONE...THIS AFTERNOON AND TONIGHT... ...ISOLATED SEVERE STORMS THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING... WEATHER HAZARDS EXPECTED... ISOLATED STORMS WILL BE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING DAMAGING WINDS AND LARGE HAIL. DISCUSSION... A STORM SYSTEM WILL PUSH ACROSS THE OHIO VALLEY AND DRAG A COLD FRONT INTO NORTH GEORGIA TONIGHT. SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS WILL DEVELOP AHEAD OF THE FRONT AND SPREAD ACROSS THE REST OF THE REGION DURING THE LATE AFTERNOON AND EVENING HOURS. MODERATE UPPER LEVEL FORCING AND AFTERNOON INSTABILITY COULD ALLOW A FEW STORMS TO BECOME SEVERE ACROSS NORTH AND PARTS OF CENTRAL GEORGIA DURING DAYTIME HEATING. .DAYS TWO THROUGH SEVEN...MONDAY THROUGH SATURDAY... ...ISOLATED STRONG STORMS POSSIBLE ON MONDAY... A COLD FRONT WILL SAG SOUTHWARD ACROSS PARTS OF NORTH AND CENTRAL GEORGIA ON MONDAY. SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS WILL DEVELOP ALONG AND AHEAD OF THE FRONT DURING DAYTIME HEATING. FRONTAL FORCING AND MODERATE INSTABILITY COULD ALLOW A FEW STORMS TO BECOME STRONG MONDAY AFTERNOON... PRODUCING GUSTY WINDS... SMALL HAIL...FREQUENT LIGHTNING AND HEAVY RAIN. THE THUNDERSTORM THREAT WILL DECREASE OVER THE AREA TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY AS THE FRONT PUSHES INTO SOUTH GEORGIA ALTHOUGH ISOLATED THUNDERSTORMS MAY STILL BE POSSIBLE ACROSS PARTS OF CENTRAL GEORGIA. A BETTER CHANCE OF SCATTERED AFTERNOON AND EVENING THUNDERSTORMS WILL RETURN TO ALL OF NORTH AND CENTRAL GEORGIA FOR THURSDAY THROUGH SATURDAY. .SPOTTER INFORMATION STATEMENT... SPOTTER ACTIVATION IS NOT REQUESTED BUT SPOTTERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO SUBMIT STORM REPORTS THROUGH THE WEB BY GOING TO WEATHER.GOV/ATLANTA.
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA 140 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 GAZ049-059-060-021815- 140 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 ...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR DIME SIZED HAIL AND 40 MPH WINDS IN PUTNAM...MORGAN AND JASPER COUNTIES UNTIL 215 PM EDT... AT 136 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A STRONG THUNDERSTORM OVER MONTICELLO...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 20 MPH. FREQUENT LIGHTNING MAY ALSO DEVELOP WITH THIS STORM. SOME LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE STORM INCLUDE CALVIN...MCELHENEYS CROSSROADS...MONTICELLO...SHADY DALE...GODFREY AND CENTRAL GEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATION. RESIDENTS IN THIS AREA SHOULD STAY INDOORS. && LAT...LON 3356 8350 3337 8337 3322 8377 3336 8378 TIME...MOT...LOC 1738Z 237DEG 17KT 3333 8367
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA
150 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013
GAZ006>008-013>015-021815-
150 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013
...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR PENNY SIZED HAIL AND 40 MPH WINDS
IN UNION...PICKENS...LUMPKIN...DAWSON...FANNIN AND GILMER COUNTIES
UNTIL 215 PM EDT...
AT 141 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED
SEVERAL STRONG THUNDERSTORMS NEAR JASPER AND AMICALOLA FALLS STATE
PARK...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 20 MPH. FREQUENT LIGHTNING MAY ALSO
DEVELOP WITH THESE STORMS.
WIND GUSTS OF 40 MPH AND HAIL UP TO PENNY SIZE ARE LIKELY AS THESE
STORMS MOVE ACROSS UNION...PICKENS...LUMPKIN...DAWSON...FANNIN AND
GILMER COUNTIES THROUGH 215 PM EDT. SOME LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF
THESE STORMS INCLUDE SEQUOYAH LAKE...LAKE
TAMARACK...MARBLEHILL...TATE...JASPER...TALKING ROCK...FAUSETT
LAKE...JUNO...AMICALOLA FALLS STATE PARK...MARION...LEN FOOTE HIKE
INN...NIMBLEWILL...BLACK GAP SHELTER...SPRINGER MOUNTAIN SHELTER AND
CAMP MERRILL. RESIDENTS IN THIS AREA SHOULD STAY INDOORS.
&&
LAT...LON 3474 8411 3455 8396 3440 8433 3439 8458
3441 8459 3441 8464 3450 8464
TIME...MOT...LOC 1748Z 239DEG 17KT 3453 8428SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA
155 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013
GAZ042-021830-
155 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013
...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR 40 MPH WINDS IN CARROLL COUNTY
UNTIL 230 PM EDT...
AT 153 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM OVER BOWDON...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 20 MPH.
WIND GUSTS OF 40 MPH ARE LIKELY AS THIS STORM MOVES ACROSS CARROLL
COUNTY THROUGH 230 PM EDT. SOME LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE STORM
INCLUDE BLACKJACK MOUNTAIN...TYUS...BOWDON...ROOPVILLE...MOUNT
ZION...JOHN TANNER STATE PARK...LOWELL...CARROLLTON...CLEM AND
ABILENE.
&&
LAT...LON 3373 8496 3347 8494 3343 8529 3358 8533
3359 8533
TIME...MOT...LOC 1755Z 247DEG 18KT 3355 8522SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA 217 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 GAZ049-059-060-021845- 217 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 ...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR PENNY SIZED HAIL...40 MPH WINDS...AND FREQUENT LIGHTNING IN PUTNAM...MORGAN AND JASPER COUNTIES UNTIL 245 PM EDT... AT 210 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A STRONG THUNDERSTORM OVER PIEDMONT...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 15 MPH. SOME LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE STORM INCLUDE PIEDMONT...SHADY DALE...WILLARD...CENTRAL GEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATION...HARMONY...ROCK EAGLE 4-H CENTER...PHOENIX...EATONTON AND GODFREY. RESIDENTS IN THIS AREA SHOULD STAY INDOORS. && LAT...LON 3354 8332 3335 8324 3323 8365 3338 8370 TIME...MOT...LOC 1817Z 243DEG 13KT 3334 8356
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA 230 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 GAZ071-072-082-021900- 230 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013 ...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR PENNY SIZED HAIL...FREQUENT LIGHTNING...AND 40 MPH WINDS IN MONROE...JONES AND BIBB COUNTIES UNTIL 300 PM EDT... AT 228 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A STRONG THUNDERSTORM OVER ARKWRIGHT...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 15 MPH. SOME LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE STORM INCLUDE WESLEYAN...BOLINGBROKE...ARKWRIGHT...DAMES FERRY...POSTELL...GREENBERRY CROSSROADS...CLINTON...JAMES...BRADLEY...WAYSIDE...BLOUNTSVILLE...HAD DOCK AND GRAY. RESIDENTS IN THIS AREA SHOULD STAY INDOORS. && LAT...LON 3318 8347 3293 8338 3286 8381 3297 8384 TIME...MOT...LOC 1829Z 243DEG 14KT 3295 8372
SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PEACHTREE CITY GA
236 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013
GAZ042>044-053-021900-
236 PM EDT SUN JUN 2 2013
...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY FOR 40 MPH WINDS IN CARROLL...
COWETA...DOUGLAS AND FULTON COUNTIES UNTIL 300 PM EDT...
AT 233 PM EDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM OVER SEATON LAKE...MOVING EAST AT 25 MPH.
WIND GUSTS OF 40 MPH ARE LIKELY AS THIS STORM MOVES ACROSS CARROLL...
COWETA...DOUGLAS AND FULTON COUNTIES THROUGH 300 PM EDT. SOME
LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THE STORM INCLUDE PLANT YATES...SEATON
LAKE...TREASURE LAKE...CLEM...WHITESBURG...HANNAH...BYERS
CROSSROADS...DUNAWAY GARDENS...ROSCOE...FAIRPLAY...BILL ARP...
CHATTAHOOCHEE HILL COUNTRY...CAMPBELLTON...UNION CITY AND PALMETTO.
&&
LAT...LON 3364 8503 3371 8456 3361 8452 3353 8456
3352 8459 3347 8463 3345 8502
TIME...MOT...LOC 1836Z 261DEG 20KT 3355 8489The Greer radar (KGSP), 150 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the first event began at 18:47 UTC.
11 thunderstorm wind, 2 hail, 1 lightning. Local standard time, as filed.
The White County 911 Center reported that a tree was blown down on Highway 129.
The Peach County Emergency Manager reported dime to penny sized hail.
Broadcast media relayed reports of several trees down in yards in Duluth; none fell on houses.
The Wilkinson County Deputy Emergency Manager reported several trees down from near Clear Creek Baptist Church on Highway 18 to Dedrick Road.
Broadcast media reported that a lightning fire destroyed a house on Deville Circle in Suwanee. No one was injured, but the house was destroyed in a matter of minutes.
A trained spotter measured a wind speed of 53.5 MPH. Two large pine trees were snapped and trash cans were blown more than 100 feet down the road.
The public reported quarter to half dollar sized hail in McDonough.
The public reported several trees either blown down or snapped.
The Banks County Emergency Manager reported a tree down on Apple Pie Ridge Road.
Broadcast media relayed reports of a few trees down near Between, just east of Loganville.
The Jackson County Emergency Manager reported several trees down just northwest of Jefferson.
The Taylor County Emergency Manager reported three trees down near Reynolds.
The Crawford County Emergency Manager reported a couple of trees down on the south end of the county.
The Houston County Emergency Manager reported three trees down on Collins Road.
After NWS Directive 10-1605, the rules offices file Storm Data by.
Every storm in Georgia in 2013Every state in 2013This day in weather historyWarnings in Georgia, June 2013
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database, compiled from the National Weather Service’s monthly Storm Data. Complete through 2026-06; NCEI adds each month about 75 days after it ends and revises past years a few times a year. Rebuilt 2026-09-24. Each event’s entry at NCEI: 451986, 451980, 451983, 451989, 468219, 451985, 451981, 451984, 451987, 451982, 451990, 451991, 451992, 451993.