G5 (Extreme) Geomagnetic Storm of July 13, 1991
A G5 (extreme) geomagnetic storm began July 13, 1991, reached Kp 9- and lasted 42 hours, with a daily Ap as high as 134; at that Kp the aurora may be seen from about 42 degrees geomagnetic latitude.
The Kp through the storm
Began Jul 13, 03:00 UTC, peaked in the block from Jul 13, 15:00 UTC, ended Jul 14, 21:00 UTC.
The storm
- Peak Kp
- 9- (8.67)
- NOAA level
- G5 Extreme
- Duration
- 42 hours
- Highest daily Ap
- 134
- Highest 3-hour ap
- 300
- Rank since 1932
- 49 of 4,139
How far south the aurora could have been seen
At Kp 9- NOAA’s scales put the aurora’s reach at about 42 degrees geomagnetic latitude: 33°N in the central US, 32°N in the eastern US, 36°N in the western US and 42°N in northern Europe.
NOAA says a G5 storm’s aurora has been seen as low as Florida and southern Texas.
US cities within reach, the southernmost first
- Salinas, CA 42.4° geomag.
- Birmingham, AL 42.4° geomag.
- Albuquerque, NM 42.5° geomag.
- Henderson, NV 42.6° geomag.
- Spring Valley, NV 42.6° geomag.
- Paradise, NV 42.6° geomag.
- Fresno, CA 42.7° geomag.
- Las Vegas, NV 42.7° geomag.
- North Las Vegas, NV 42.7° geomag.
- Sunrise Manor, NV 42.7° geomag.
122 US cities of 150,000 people or more sit at or poleward of that line. Low on the northern horizon under a dark, clear sky; not a record of sightings.
Day by day
The daily Ap is the mean of the day’s eight three-hour ap values.
| UT day | Daily Ap | Highest Kp that day |
|---|---|---|
| July 13, 1991 | 134 | 9- |
| July 14, 1991 | 75 | 7- |
Flares before it
| Peak (UTC) | Class | Region | Before the storm began |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 11, 10:18 UTC | M7.3 | NOAA 6703 | 41 hours |
| Jul 13, 18:51 UTC | M4.6 | NOAA 6729 | during it |
| Jul 10, 12:26 UTC | M3.6 | NOAA 6718 | 63 hours |
| Jul 11, 22:00 UTC | M1.9 | NOAA 6713 | 29 hours |
| Jul 14, 03:47 UTC | M1.9 | NOAA 6722 | during it |
| Jul 9, 15:04 UTC | M1.2 | NOAA 6718 | 84 hours |
The strongest M and X class flares GOES recorded from four days before the storm began to its end, the window in which a coronal mass ejection launched with a flare usually arrives. A flare in this list is context, not proof of the cause: many storms come from coronal holes, and many flares launch nothing toward Earth.
More
The storm before, Jul 12The storm after, Jul 16Every storm of 1991The strongest on recordThis day in weather historyTonight’s aurora forecast
Sources
Kp and ap from GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Geomagnetic Observatory Niemegk, licensed CC BY 4.0: Matzka, J., Stolle, C., Yamazaki, Y., Bronkalla, O. and Morschhauser, A., 2021, The geomagnetic Kp index and derived indices of geomagnetic activity, Space Weather, doi:10.1029/2020SW002641; data doi:10.5880/Kp.0001. Storms, levels and aurora reach worked out by WeatherOverTime from those values and NOAA’s space weather scales. Definitive through August 31, 2026; later values are preliminary. Rebuilt 2026-09-24. Flares from NOAA NCEI’s GOES X-ray flare reports (1975 to 2017) and SWPC’s edited solar event lists, public domain; classes as NOAA recorded them at the time.