Alert archive / California / Beach Hazards Statements in 2021

Beach Hazards Statement 2, NWS San Francisco Bay Area, CA

January 16, 2021Santa Cruz County, California

NWS San Francisco Bay Area, CA issued this beach hazards statement at Jan 16, 2021, 7:08 PM PST for Santa Cruz County, California. It took effect at Jan 17, 2021, 6:00 AM PST. It was in force for 36 hr.

The area

The counties it named.

The facts

Issued
Jan 16, 2021, 7:08 PM PST (03:08 UTC)
In effect from
Jan 17, 2021, 6:00 AM PST
Expired
Jan 18, 2021, 6:00 PM PST
In force
36 hr
Issued by
NWS San Francisco Bay Area, CA

County Santa Cruz County, CA

The radar

The San Francisco radar (KMUX), 18 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 03:09 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

The nearest sounding before it

Oakland, CA (KOAK), launched 00:00Z, 3.1 hours before the alert went out and 80 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Oakland, CA at 00:00Z on 2021-01-17Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel. CAPE 0 joules per kilogram.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed.
HodographHodograph, Oakland, CA at 00:00Z on 2021-01-17The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 8 square meters per square second.1939Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
No buoyant parcel
Mixed-layer LCL
1964 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
22 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
8 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
45 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The text

As transmitted.

643 
WHUS46 KMTR 170308
CFWMTR

Coastal Hazard Message
National Weather Service San Francisco CA
708 PM PST Sat Jan 16 2021

...A large, long period northwest swell resulting in hazardous 
conditions from coastal Sonoma County to coastal Monterey 
County...

.A large, long period northwest swell arrives on Sunday morning
and will result in hazardous conditions in the surf zone through 
Monday afternoon. Forerunners are expected to arrive at 3 to 7
feet with a period of 22 to 24 seconds, increasing the risk of
sneaker waves. Swell heights are then expected to build through
Sunday with breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, locally higher at 
favored breakpoints, expected along west to northwest facing 
beaches. As a result, a High Surf Advisory is in effect through 
Monday afternoon for west and northwest facing beaches while a 
Beach Hazard Statement has been issued for the northern Monterey 
Bay including Santa Cruz. With warm temperatures present over a
holiday weekend, continuous vigilance is advised. Never turn your
back to the ocean.

CAZ006-505-509-530-171400-
/O.NEW.KMTR.SU.Y.0006.210117T1400Z-210118T2300Z/
San Francisco-
Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes National Seashore-
San Francisco Peninsula Coast-
Southern Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast-
708 PM PST Sat Jan 16 2021

...HIGH SURF ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM 6 AM SUNDAY TO 3 PM PST
MONDAY...

* WHAT...Large breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, locally higher at
  favored breakpoints, can be expected along west to northwest 
  facing beaches..

* WHERE...San Francisco, Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes 
  National Seashore, San Francisco Peninsula Coast and Southern 
  Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast.

* WHEN...From 6 AM Sunday to 3 PM PST Monday.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions and
  localized beach erosion. People are strongly urged to remain
  well back from the ocean as these types of events often result
  in an increase in cold water rescues and the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Unseasonably warm temperatures this 
  holiday weekend will likely attract more people to the coast. 
  Individuals should be reminded that our coastline and the cold 
  Pacific waters remain dangerous as these larger than normal 
  waves impact the coast. Extreme caution is advised when visiting
  area beaches..

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Large breaking waves along the coast will lead to increased wave
run-up on beaches with waves topping and washing over large rocks
and jetties. Use extra caution near the surf zone as these large
waves will be capable of sweeping people into the frigid and
turbulent ocean water. Cold water shock may cause cardiac arrest,
and it also can cause an involuntary gasp reflex causing
drowning, even for a good swimmer. The surf zone will be
dangerous due to strong currents and powerful breaking waves.

&&

$$

CAZ529-171400-
/O.NEW.KMTR.BH.S.0002.210117T1400Z-210118T2300Z/
Northern Monterey Bay-
708 PM PST Sat Jan 16 2021

...BEACH HAZARDS STATEMENT IN EFFECT FROM 6 AM PST SUNDAY THROUGH
MONDAY AFTERNOON...

* WHAT...Breaking waves 12 to 15 feet possible in favored break 
  points.

* WHERE...Northern Monterey Bay.

* WHEN...From 6 AM PST Sunday through Monday afternoon.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions with 
  strong rip currents and sneaker waves. People are strongly 
  urged to remain well back from the ocean as these types of 
  events often result in an increase in cold water rescues and 
  the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...While these waves are not as large as our 
  previous events in the most recent days, unseasonable warm 
  temperatures this holiday weekend will likely attract more 
  people to the coast. Individuals should be reminded that our 
  coastline and the cold Pacific waters remain dangerous as 
  these larger than normal waves impact the coast. Extreme 
  caution is advised when visiting area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Beach Hazard Statement for sneaker waves means that conditions
are present to support a heightened risk of unsuspecting beach
goers being swept into the sea by a wave. People walking along
the beach should never turn their back to the sea.

Remain out of the water to avoid hazardous swimming conditions.
Rock jetties can be deadly in such conditions, stay off the
rocks.

&&

$$
5 follow-up statements
146 
WHUS46 KMTR 171010
CFWMTR

Coastal Hazard Message
National Weather Service San Francisco CA
210 AM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...A large, very long period northwest swell will result in 
hazardous beach conditions along the coast...

.A large, very long period northwest swell will arrive Sunday 
morning and result in hazardous conditions along the coast through
Monday afternoon. Forerunners are expected to arrive at 3 to 7 
feet with a period of 22 to 24 seconds, increasing the risk of 
sneaker waves. Swell heights are then expected to build through 
Sunday with breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, locally higher at 
favored breakpoints, expected along west to northwest facing 
beaches. As a result, a High Surf Advisory is in effect through 
Monday afternoon for west and northwest facing beaches while a 
Beach Hazard Statement has been issued for the northern Monterey 
Bay including Santa Cruz. With warm temperatures present over a 
holiday weekend, continuous vigilance is advised. Never turn your 
back to the ocean.

CAZ006-505-509-530-172300-
/O.CON.KMTR.SU.Y.0006.210117T1400Z-210118T2300Z/
San Francisco-
Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes National Seashore-
San Francisco Peninsula Coast-
Southern Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast-
210 AM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...HIGH SURF ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 6 AM THIS MORNING TO
3 PM PST MONDAY...

* WHAT...Initially on Sunday, very long period forerunners will
  increase the risk of sneaker waves and rip currents. Building
  swell will then bring large breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, 
  locally higher at favored breakpoints, can be expected along 
  west to northwest facing beaches.

* WHERE...San Francisco, Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes 
  National Seashore, San Francisco Peninsula Coast and Southern 
  Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast.

* WHEN...From 6 AM Sunday to 3 PM PST Monday.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions and 
  localized beach erosion. People are strongly urged to remain 
  well back from the ocean as these types of events often result 
  in an increase in cold water rescues and the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Unseasonably warm temperatures this 
  holiday weekend will likely attract more people to the coast. 
  Individuals should be reminded that our coastline and the cold 
  Pacific waters remain dangerous as these larger than normal 
  waves impact the coast. Extreme caution is advised when 
  visiting area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Large breaking waves along the coast will lead to increased wave
run-up on beaches with waves topping and washing over large rocks
and jetties. Use extra caution near the surf zone as these large
waves will be capable of sweeping people into the frigid and
turbulent ocean water. Cold water shock may cause cardiac arrest,
and it also can cause an involuntary gasp reflex causing
drowning, even for a good swimmer. The surf zone will be
dangerous due to strong currents and powerful breaking waves.

&&

$$

CAZ529-172300-
/O.CON.KMTR.BH.S.0002.210117T1400Z-210118T2300Z/
Northern Monterey Bay-
210 AM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...BEACH HAZARDS STATEMENT REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 6 AM PST THIS
MORNING THROUGH MONDAY AFTERNOON...

* WHAT...An increased risk of sneaker waves Sunday morning. Then
  building swell will bring breaking waves 12 to 15 feet at 
  favored break points.

* WHERE...Northern Monterey Bay.

* WHEN...From 6 AM PST Sunday through Monday afternoon.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions with 
  strong rip currents and sneaker waves. People are strongly 
  urged to remain well back from the ocean as these types of 
  events often result in an increase in cold water rescues and 
  the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...While these waves are not as large as our 
  previous events in the most recent days, unseasonable warm 
  temperatures this holiday weekend will likely attract more 
  people to the coast. Individuals should be reminded that our 
  coastline and the cold Pacific waters remain dangerous as 
  these larger than normal waves impact the coast. Extreme 
  caution is advised when visiting area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Beach Hazard Statement for sneaker waves means that conditions
are present to support a heightened risk of unsuspecting beach
goers being swept into the sea by a wave. People walking along
the beach should never turn their back to the sea.

Remain out of the water to avoid hazardous swimming conditions.
Rock jetties can be deadly in such conditions, stay off the
rocks.

&&

$$
712 
WHUS46 KMTR 172202
CFWMTR

Coastal Hazard Message
National Weather Service San Francisco CA
202 PM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...A large, very long period northwest swell will result in
hazardous beach conditions along the coast...

.A large, very long period northwest swell will result in 
hazardous conditions along the coast through Monday afternoon. 
Forerunners are expected at 3 to 7 feet with a period of 22 to 24
seconds, increasing the risk of sneaker waves. Swell heights are 
then expected to build into Monday with breaking waves of 18 to 
22 feet, locally higher at favored breakpoints, expected along 
west to northwest facing beaches. As a result, a High Surf 
Advisory is in effect through Monday afternoon for west and 
northwest facing beaches while a Beach Hazard Statement is in
effect for the northern Monterey Bay including Santa Cruz. With 
warm temperatures present over a holiday weekend, continuous 
vigilance is advised. Never turn your back to the ocean.

CAZ006-505-509-530-180700-
/O.CON.KMTR.SU.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-210118T2300Z/
San Francisco-
Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes National Seashore-
San Francisco Peninsula Coast-
Southern Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast-
202 PM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...HIGH SURF ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 3 PM PST MONDAY...

* WHAT...Initially, very long period forerunners will increase 
  the risk of sneaker waves and rip currents. Building swell will 
  then bring large breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, locally higher
  at favored breakpoints, can be expected along west to northwest
  facing beaches.

* WHERE...San Francisco, Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes 
  National Seashore, San Francisco Peninsula Coast and Southern 
  Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast.

* WHEN...Until 3 PM PST Monday.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions and 
  localized beach erosion. People are strongly urged to remain 
  well back from the ocean as these types of events often result 
  in an increase in cold water rescues and the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Unseasonably warm temperatures this 
  holiday weekend will likely attract more people to the coast. 
  Individuals should be reminded that our coastline and the cold 
  Pacific waters remain dangerous as these larger than normal 
  waves impact the coast. Extreme caution is advised when 
  visiting area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Large breaking waves along the coast will lead to increased wave
run-up on beaches with waves topping and washing over large rocks
and jetties. Use extra caution near the surf zone as these large
waves will be capable of sweeping people into the frigid and
turbulent ocean water. Cold water shock may cause cardiac arrest,
and it also can cause an involuntary gasp reflex causing
drowning, even for a good swimmer. The surf zone will be
dangerous due to strong currents and powerful breaking waves.

&&

$$

CAZ529-180700-
/O.CON.KMTR.BH.S.0002.000000T0000Z-210118T2300Z/
Northern Monterey Bay-
202 PM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...BEACH HAZARDS STATEMENT REMAINS IN EFFECT THROUGH MONDAY
AFTERNOON...

* WHAT...An increased risk of sneaker waves into Sunday night. 
  Then building swell will bring breaking waves 12 to 15 feet at 
  favored break points.

* WHERE...Northern Monterey Bay.

* WHEN...Through Monday afternoon.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions with 
  strong rip currents and sneaker waves. People are strongly 
  urged to remain well back from the ocean as these types of 
  events often result in an increase in cold water rescues and 
  the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...While these waves are not as large as our 
  previous events in the most recent days, unseasonable warm 
  temperatures this holiday weekend will likely attract more 
  people to the coast. Individuals should be reminded that our 
  coastline and the cold Pacific waters remain dangerous as 
  these larger than normal waves impact the coast. Extreme 
  caution is advised when visiting area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Beach Hazard Statement for sneaker waves means that conditions
are present to support a heightened risk of unsuspecting beach
goers being swept into the sea by a wave. People walking along
the beach should never turn their back to the sea.

Remain out of the water to avoid hazardous swimming conditions.
Rock jetties can be deadly in such conditions, stay off the
rocks.

&&

$$
170 
WHUS46 KMTR 180627
CFWMTR

Coastal Hazard Message
National Weather Service San Francisco CA
1027 PM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...A large, very long period northwest swell will result in
hazardous beach conditions along the coast...

A large, very long period northwest swell has arrived to the
coastal waters, creating hazardous conditions along the coast 
through Monday afternoon. Large swell heights are expected to 
continue into Monday with breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, 
locally higher at favored breakpoints, along west to northwest 
facing beaches. As a result, a High Surf Advisory is in effect 
through this afternoon for west and northwest facing beaches 
while a Beach Hazard Statement is in effect for the northern 
Monterey Bay including Santa Cruz. With warm temperatures present 
over a holiday weekend, continuous vigilance is advised. Never 
turn your back to the ocean.

CAZ006-505-509-530-181100-
/O.CON.KMTR.SU.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-210118T2300Z/
San Francisco-
Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes National Seashore-
San Francisco Peninsula Coast-
Southern Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast-
1027 PM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...HIGH SURF ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 3 PM PST MONDAY...

* WHAT...Large breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, locally higher
  at favored breakpoints, can be expected along west to northwest
  facing beaches..

* WHERE...San Francisco, Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes 
  National Seashore, San Francisco Peninsula Coast and Southern 
  Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast.

* WHEN...Until 3 PM PST Monday.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions and 
  localized beach erosion. People are strongly urged to remain 
  well back from the ocean as these types of events often result 
  in an increase in cold water rescues and the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Unseasonably warm temperatures this 
  holiday weekend will likely attract more people to the coast. 
  Individuals should be reminded that our coastline and the cold 
  Pacific waters remain dangerous as these larger than normal 
  waves impact the coast. Extreme caution is advised when 
  visiting area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Inexperienced swimmers should remain out of the water due to
dangerous surf conditions.

&&

$$

CAZ529-181100-
/O.CON.KMTR.BH.S.0002.000000T0000Z-210118T2300Z/
Northern Monterey Bay-
1027 PM PST Sun Jan 17 2021

...BEACH HAZARDS STATEMENT REMAINS IN EFFECT THROUGH MONDAY
AFTERNOON...

* WHAT...Building swell will bring breaking waves 12 to 15 feet 
  at favored break points..

* WHERE...Northern Monterey Bay.

* WHEN...Through 3 P.M. Monday afternoon.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions with 
  strong rip currents and sneaker waves. People are strongly 
  urged to remain well back from the ocean as these types of 
  events often result in an increase in cold water rescues and 
  the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...While these waves are not as large as in
  our most recent events, unseasonable warm temperatures this 
  holiday weekend will likely attract more people to the coast. 
  Individuals should be reminded that our coastline and the cold 
  Pacific waters remain dangerous as these larger than normal 
  waves impact the coast. Extreme caution is advised when visiting
  area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Remain out of the water to avoid hazardous swimming conditions.

&&

$$
168 
WHUS46 KMTR 181004
CFWMTR

Coastal Hazard Message
National Weather Service San Francisco CA
204 AM PST Mon Jan 18 2021

...A large, very long period northwest swell will result in
hazardous beach conditions along the coast...

A large, very long period northwest swell has arrived to the
coastal waters, creating hazardous conditions along the coast
through the day today. Large swell heights are expected with 
breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, locally higher at favored 
breakpoints, along west to northwest facing beaches. As a result, 
a High Surf Advisory is in effect through this afternoon for west 
and northwest facing beaches while a Beach Hazard Statement is in 
effect for the northern Monterey Bay including Santa Cruz. With 
warm temperatures present over a holiday weekend, continuous 
vigilance is advised. Never turn your back to the ocean.

CAZ006-505-509-530-190200-
/O.EXT.KMTR.SU.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-210119T0200Z/
San Francisco-
Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes National Seashore-
San Francisco Peninsula Coast-
Southern Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast-
204 AM PST Mon Jan 18 2021

...HIGH SURF ADVISORY NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM PST THIS EVENING...

* WHAT...Large breaking waves of 18 to 22 feet, locally higher 
  at favored breakpoints, can be expected along west to 
  northwest facing beaches.

* WHERE...San Francisco, Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes 
  National Seashore, San Francisco Peninsula Coast and Southern 
  Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast.

* WHEN...Until 6 PM PST this evening.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions and 
  localized beach erosion. People are strongly urged to remain 
  well back from the ocean as these types of events often result 
  in an increase in cold water rescues and the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...Unseasonably warm temperatures this 
  holiday weekend will likely attract more people to the coast. 
  Individuals should be reminded that our coastline and the cold 
  Pacific waters remain dangerous as these larger than normal 
  waves impact the coast. Extreme caution is advised when 
  visiting area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Inexperienced swimmers should remain out of the water due to
dangerous surf conditions.

&&

$$

CAZ529-190200-
/O.EXT.KMTR.BH.S.0002.000000T0000Z-210119T0200Z/
Northern Monterey Bay-
204 AM PST Mon Jan 18 2021

...BEACH HAZARDS STATEMENT NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 6 PM THIS 
EVENING...

* WHAT...Building swell will bring breaking waves 12 to 15 feet 
  at favored break points.

* WHERE...Northern Monterey Bay.

* WHEN...Until 6 PM PST Monday evening.

* IMPACTS...Dangerous swimming and surfing conditions with 
  strong rip currents and sneaker waves. People are strongly 
  urged to remain well back from the ocean as these types of 
  events often result in an increase in cold water rescues and 
  the loss of life.

* ADDITIONAL DETAILS...While these waves are not as large as in 
  our most recent events, unseasonable warm temperatures this 
  holiday weekend will likely attract more people to the coast. 
  Individuals should be reminded that our coastline and the cold 
  Pacific waters remain dangerous as these larger than normal 
  waves impact the coast. Extreme caution is advised when 
  visiting area beaches.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Remain out of the water to avoid hazardous swimming conditions.

&&

$$
013 
WHUS46 KMTR 190150
CFWMTR

Coastal Hazard Message
National Weather Service San Francisco CA
550 PM PST Mon Jan 18 2021

CAZ006-505-509-530-190300-
/O.EXP.KMTR.SU.Y.0006.000000T0000Z-210119T0200Z/
San Francisco-
Coastal North Bay Including Point Reyes National Seashore-
San Francisco Peninsula Coast-
Southern Monterey Bay and Big Sur Coast-
550 PM PST Mon Jan 18 2021

...HIGH SURF ADVISORY WILL EXPIRE AT 6 PM PST THIS EVENING...

Wave heights are slowly diminishing as the period reduces to 15 
to 17 seconds. The advisory is allowed to expire since the waves 
are subsiding; however, the ocean remains very active. Continued
vigilance and caution along the California coast is advised.

$$

CAZ529-190300-
/O.EXP.KMTR.BH.S.0002.000000T0000Z-210119T0200Z/
Northern Monterey Bay-
550 PM PST Mon Jan 18 2021

...BEACH HAZARDS STATEMENT WILL EXPIRE AT 6 PM PST THIS EVENING...

Wave heights are slowly diminishing as the period reduces to 14 
to 16 seconds. The beach hazard statement is allowed to expire 
since the waves are subsiding; however, the ocean remains very 
active. Continued vigilance and caution along the California coast
is advised.

$$

The office that day

Everything else NWS San Francisco Bay Area, CA issued on the same UTC day.

IssuedProductOfficeCountiesLasted
Jan 16, 7:08 PM PSTHigh Surf AdvisoryMTRMarin, Monterey, City and County of San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Sonoma47 hr
Jan 17, 2:18 AM PSTGale WarningMTR60 hr
Jan 17, 2:18 AM PSTSmall Craft AdvisoryMTR43 hr
Jan 17, 12:25 PM PSTFire Weather WatchMTRMonterey, San Benito21 hr
Jan 17, 1:39 PM PSTHigh Wind WarningMTRMonterey, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz44 hr
Jan 17, 2:13 PM PSTGale WatchMTR12 hr

Nearby

Beach Hazards Statements in California, 2021Every beach hazards statement in 2021

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.