Tornadoes · United States · Texas · 1998
F1 tornado, Linden to Queen City, Texas, January 11, 1998
From Linden to Queen City, this F1 tornado ran 7.0 miles across Cass County on January 11, 1998, touching down at 5:07 PM CST and reaching 30 yards wide. It killed nobody.
The rating scale
Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.
F040 to 72 mph
Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
F173 to 112 mphthis tornado
Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.
F2113 to 157 mph
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.
F3158 to 206 mph
Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.
F4207 to 260 mph
Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.
F5261 to 318 mph
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.
Unrated
The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.
The record
- Rating
- F1
- Date
- January 11, 1998
- Touchdown
- 5:07 PM CST (23:07 UTC)
- Path length
- 7.0 miles (11.3 km)
- Path width
- 30 yards (27 m)
- Deaths
- 0
- Injuries
- 0
- County
- Cass County
- Touchdown point
- 33.020, -94.200
- Lift-off point
- 33.050, -94.000
- Record number
- 6
What the Weather Service recorded
HP supercell developed along a slow moving northeast-southwest orientated cold front. This supercell made a gradual transition into a squall line with a line-echo wave pattern on Doppler radar. A family of 6 weak tornadoes were produced across 2 states and 5 counties. Damage consisted of numerous snapped and fallen trees. Some oak trees had a bole of 6 feet however the ground was totally saturated and soft to great depths. The damage path was in a wooded region away from any population with few structures present. Without a survey the tornado would have been unreported.
From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.
The warnings
42 minutes of warning. NWS SHV issued a tornado warning for this county at 22:25 UTC, 42 minutes before the tornado touched down, in force until 23:30 UTC.
| Issued (UTC) | Expired | Product | Office |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22:23 UTC | 23:00 UTC | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | SHV |
| 22:25 UTC | 23:30 UTC | Tornado Warning | SHV |
Every warning and watch covering the touchdown point that day, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service products. Lead time is measured from the issue of the warning in force to the touchdown time in the database, both of which were recorded to the minute by different people.
The forecast that day
The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a General Thunderstorms Risk. The outlook in force was issued at 10:35 UTC.
SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.
The air that afternoon
The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.
Shreveport, LA (KSHV), 12:00Z
11.1 hours before the tornado, 70 km from the path. January 11, 1998.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 8 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -183 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 0 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 752 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 60 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 19 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 207 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 244 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.2
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 4.3 K/km
Shreveport, LA (KSHV), 00:00Z
0.9 hours after it, 70 km from the path. January 12, 1998.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 140 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -150 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 1 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1072 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 69 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 29 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 301 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 407 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 2.1
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 6.5 K/km
The surface observations
Texarkana Regional/Webb (TXK), 48 km from the path, in the two hours either side.
| Time (UTC) | Temp (°F) | Dew point (°F) | Wind | Gust (kt) | Pressure (mb) | Weather |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21:28 UTC | 53.6 | 51.8 | 1014.2 | |||
| 21:53 UTC | 52 | 52 | 70° 8 kt | 1013.5 | TSRA BR | |
| 22:19 UTC | 51.8 | 51.8 | 20° 12 kt | 1013.2 | ||
| 22:44 UTC | 51.8 | 51.8 | 1013.9 | |||
| 22:53 UTC | 52 | 51 | 50° 13 kt | 1013.2 | TSRA BR | |
| 23:34 UTC | 51.8 | 51.8 | 360° 8 kt | 1014.6 | ||
| 23:42 UTC | 51.8 | 51.8 | 40° 8 kt | 1014.9 | ||
| 23:53 UTC | 52 | 51 | 60° 10 kt | 1014.2 | TSRA BR | |
| 00:12 UTC | 51.8 | 51.8 | 320° 10 kt | 15 | 1016.6 | |
| 00:24 UTC | 51.8 | 51.8 | 90° 9 kt | 21 | 1015.2 | |
| 00:29 UTC | 53.6 | 51.8 | 50° 11 kt | 1015.9 | ||
| 00:38 UTC | 53.6 | 51.8 | 70° 9 kt | 1014.9 | ||
| 00:53 UTC | 53 | 52 | 70° 10 kt | 1014.9 | -TSRA |
From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.
The radar
The Shreveport radar (KSHV), 69 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 23:08 UTC.
Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track
Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.
This ground now
The live radar over the trackEvery 1998 tornado in TexasEvery tornado in Texas since 1950Warnings in force in Texas nowThe forecast where you are
The other tornadoes of January 11, 1998
7 more were confirmed in the United States that day.
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January 11 | 3:59 PM CST | F1 | Titus, TX | 7.1 | 30 | |||
| January 11 | 4:04 PM CST | F1 | Titus, TX | 6.6 | 30 | |||
| January 11 | 4:30 PM CST | F1 | Lee, TX | 2.5 | 400 | $80,000 | ||
| January 11 | 5:10 PM CST | F1 | Lee, TX | 1.0 | 100 | $50,000 | ||
| January 11 | 5:23 PM CST | F0 | Miller, AR | 3.9 | 30 | |||
| January 11 | 5:32 PM CST | F0 | Miller, AR | 2.7 | 30 | |||
| January 11 | 5:33 PM CST | F0 | Miller, AR | 5.8 | 30 |
What this means
Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.
Sources
NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.