Tornadoes · United States · Texas · 1994
F0 tornado, Polk County, Texas, May 13, 1994
This F0 tornado ran 0.1 miles across Polk County on May 13, 1994, touching down at 3:30 PM CDT and reaching 10 yards wide. It killed nobody.
The rating scale
Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.
F040 to 72 mphthis tornado
Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
F173 to 112 mph
Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.
F2113 to 157 mph
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.
F3158 to 206 mph
Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.
F4207 to 260 mph
Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.
F5261 to 318 mph
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.
Unrated
The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.
The record
- Rating
- F0
- Date
- May 13, 1994
- Touchdown
- 3:30 PM CDT (20:30 UTC)
- Path length
- 0.1 miles (0.2 km)
- Path width
- 10 yards (9 m)
- Deaths
- 0
- Injuries
- 0
- County
- Polk County
- Touchdown point
- 30.820, -95.130
- Record number
- 355
What the Weather Service recorded
Tornado over Lake Livingston.
From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.
The warnings
No tornado warning for this county appears in the archive as in force at the moment the tornado touched down. One was issued for the county at another hour that day.
| Issued (UTC) | Expired | Product | Office |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21:21 UTC | 22:30 UTC | Tornado Warning | HGX |
| 23:38 UTC | 00:30 UTC | Severe Thunderstorm Warning | HGX |
Every warning and watch covering the touchdown point that day, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service products. Lead time is measured from the issue of the warning in force to the touchdown time in the database, both of which were recorded to the minute by different people.
The forecast that day
The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Slight Risk. The outlook in force was issued at 06:09 UTC.
SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.
The air that afternoon
The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.
Longview/Gregg, TX (KGGG), 12:00Z
8.5 hours before the tornado, 177 km from the path. May 13, 1994.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 1161 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -39 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 331 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 742 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 29 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 16 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 77 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 69 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 1.2
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 4.5 K/km
Longview/Gregg, TX (KGGG), 00:00Z
3.5 hours after it, 177 km from the path. May 14, 1994.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 0 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- -2821 J/kg
- Surface CAPE
- 0 J/kg
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 579 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 34 kt
- 0-1 km bulk shear
- 11 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- -104 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 137 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.0
- 0-3 km lapse rate
- 4.6 K/km
The surface observations
Lufkin/Angelina Co. (LFK), 59 km from the path, in the two hours either side.
| Time (UTC) | Temp (°F) | Dew point (°F) | Wind | Gust (kt) | Pressure (mb) | Weather |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19:00 UTC | 82 | 71 | 150° 13 kt | 1011.2 | ||
| 20:00 UTC | 84 | 72 | 130° 12 kt | 1009.5 | ||
| 20:30 UTC | 120° 10 kt | 1008.8 | ||||
| 21:00 UTC | 78 | 70 | 160° 10 kt | 1009.1 | TSRA | |
| 21:11 UTC | 170° 9 kt | 1010.2 | ||||
| 22:00 UTC | 73 | 71 | 190° 12 kt | 17 | 1010.2 | -TSRA FG |
From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.
The radar
The Houston radar (KHGX), 150 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 20:31 UTC.
Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track
Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.
This ground now
The live radar over the trackEvery 1994 tornado in TexasEvery tornado in Texas since 1950Warnings in force in Texas nowThe forecast where you are
The other tornadoes of May 13, 1994
28 more were confirmed in the United States that day.
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 13 | 8:00 AM CDT | F0 | Galveston, TX | 4.0 | 50 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 11:45 AM CDT | F3 | Burnet, TX | 3.5 | 880 | 1 | $500,000 to $5 million | |
| May 13 | 12:52 PM CDT | F2 | Lavaca, TX | 0.2 | 50 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 1:05 PM CDT | F0 | Williamson, TX | 0.2 | 30 | $500 to $5,000 | ||
| May 13 | 1:26 PM CDT | F0 | Hays, TX | 0.2 | 30 | $50 to $500 | ||
| May 13 | 1:35 PM CDT | F0 | Colorado, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 2:15 PM CDT | F2 | Washington, TX | 3.0 | 50 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 2:30 PM CDT | F0 | Montgomery, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 2:43 PM CDT | F0 | Colorado, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 2:45 PM CDT | F0 | Bastrop, TX | 0.2 | 30 | $500 to $5,000 | ||
| May 13 | 2:47 PM CDT | F1 | Lavaca, TX | 1.0 | 90 | $50,000 to $500,000 | ||
| May 13 | 3:01 PM CDT | F0 | Austin, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 3:03 PM CDT | F1 | Washington, TX | 4.0 | 50 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 3:15 PM CDT | F0 | Bastrop, TX | 0.2 | 30 | $500 to $5,000 | ||
| May 13 | 3:46 PM CDT | F0 | Washington, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 4:00 PM CDT | F0 | Burleson, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 4:25 PM CDT | F0 | Brazos, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 4:27 PM CDT | F0 | Austin, TX | 0.1 | 10 | 1 | $500 to $5,000 | |
| May 13 | 5:10 PM CDT | F0 | Waller, TX | 0.1 | 10 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 5:10 PM CDT | F0 | Waller, TX | 0.1 | 10 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 5:10 PM CDT | F0 | Waller, TX | 0.1 | 10 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 5:10 PM CDT | F0 | Waller, TX | 0.1 | 10 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 5:20 PM CDT | F1 | Montgomery, TX | 4.0 | 50 | $5,000 to $50,000 | ||
| May 13 | 5:20 PM CDT | F0 | Houston, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 5:20 PM CDT | F0 | Houston, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 5:40 PM CDT | F1 | Jim Wells, TX | 0.5 | 70 | |||
| May 13 | 6:05 PM CDT | F0 | Montgomery, TX | 0.1 | 10 | |||
| May 13 | 6:20 PM CDT | F0 | Walker, TX | 0.1 | 10 |
What this means
Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.
Sources
NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.