Tornadoes · United States · Texas · 1991

F0 tornado, Carson County, Texas, May 29, 1991

This F0 tornado ran 0.1 miles across Carson County on May 29, 1991, touching down at 8:30 PM CDT and reaching 20 yards wide. It killed nobody.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mphthis tornado

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mph

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F0
Date
May 29, 1991
Touchdown
8:30 PM CDT (01:30 UTC)
Path length
0.1 miles (0.2 km)
Path width
20 yards (18 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
County
Carson County
Touchdown point
35.180, -101.400
Record number
698

The warnings

34 minutes of warning. NWS AMA issued a tornado warning for this county at 00:56 UTC, 34 minutes before the tornado touched down, in force until 02:00 UTC.

Issued (UTC)ExpiredProductOffice
22:53 UTC00:00 UTCSevere Thunderstorm WarningAMA
00:56 UTC02:00 UTCTornado WarningAMA
01:54 UTC03:00 UTCTornado WarningAMA
03:33 UTC04:30 UTCSevere Thunderstorm WarningAMA
03:33 UTC04:30 UTCFlash Flood WarningAMA

Every warning and watch covering the touchdown point that day, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service products. Lead time is measured from the issue of the warning in force to the touchdown time in the database, both of which were recorded to the minute by different people.

The forecast that day

The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a General Thunderstorms Risk. The outlook in force was issued at 06:19 UTC.

SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Amarillo Airport, TX (KAMA), 00:00Z

1.5 hours before the tornado, 28 km from the path. May 30, 1991.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Amarillo Airport, TX at 00:00Z on 1991-05-30Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 1109 joules per kilogram, CIN -21, lifted condensation level 1916 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Amarillo Airport, TX at 00:00Z on 1991-05-30The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 48 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 28 knots.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
1109 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-21 J/kg
Surface CAPE
1770 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1916 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
28 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
16 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
48 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
97 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.8
0-3 km lapse rate
7.6 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Amarillo Airport, TX (KAMA), 12:00Z

10.5 hours after it, 28 km from the path. May 30, 1991.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Amarillo Airport, TX at 12:00Z on 1991-05-30Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 1385 joules per kilogram, CIN -131, lifted condensation level 1321 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Amarillo Airport, TX at 12:00Z on 1991-05-30The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 321 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 45 knots.19395878Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
1385 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-131 J/kg
Surface CAPE
1101 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1321 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
45 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
32 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
321 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
321 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
3.9
0-3 km lapse rate
5.5 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Amarillo - Rick Husband Intl (AMA), 28 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
00:00 UTC7759160° 30 kt381006.1-TSRA
01:00 UTC7163160° 15 kt291008.5-TSRA
02:00 UTC6663100° 15 kt241007.5-TSRA
03:00 UTC6862100° 16 kt1008.8-TSRA

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 1991 tornado in TexasEvery tornado in Texas since 1950Warnings in force in Texas nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of May 29, 1991

20 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
May 295:15 PM CDTF1Concordia Parish, LA1.023$50,000 to $500,000
May 296:12 PM CDTF0Ochiltree, TX0.560$5,000 to $50,000
May 296:47 PM CDTF0Randall, TX0.550
May 296:51 PM CDTF0Potter, TX2.860
May 297:08 PM CDTF0Hutchinson, TX0.120
May 297:10 PM CDTF0Moore, TX2.040
May 296:40 PM MDTF0Washington, CO0.210
May 297:48 PM CDTF0Randall, TX0.230
May 296:56 PM MDTF1Washington, CO14.050
May 297:40 PM MDTF0Washington, CO7.027$5,000 to $50,000
May 298:48 PM CDTF0Johnson, IA0.220$500 to $5,000
May 299:05 PM CDTF0Carson, TX0.230
May 298:36 PM MDTF0Perkins, NE0.223
May 298:46 PM MDTF0Phillips, CO0.210
May 298:51 PM MDTF0Yuma, CO0.210
May 2910:19 PM CDTF0Lincoln, NE0.223
May 2910:20 PM CDTF0Jones, SD0.550
May 2910:30 PM CDTF0Buffalo, NE0.530
May 2910:35 PM CDTF0Polk, NE1.040$500 to $5,000
May 2910:42 PM CDTF0Hall, NE0.230

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.