Tornadoes · United States · Texas · 1991

F1 tornado, Sutton County, Texas, May 2, 1991

This F1 tornado ran 0.8 miles across Sutton County on May 2, 1991, touching down at 6:50 PM CDT and reaching 77 yards wide. It killed nobody, and did $50 to $500 of property damage.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mph

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mphthis tornado

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F1
Date
May 2, 1991
Touchdown
6:50 PM CDT (23:50 UTC)
Path length
0.8 miles (1.3 km)
Path width
77 yards (70 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
Property damage
$50 to $500
County
Sutton County
Touchdown point
30.570, -100.780
Record number
421

The warnings

10 minutes of warning. NWS SJT issued a tornado warning for this county at 23:40 UTC, 10 minutes before the tornado touched down, in force until 00:30 UTC.

Issued (UTC)ExpiredProductOffice
22:42 UTC23:45 UTCSevere Thunderstorm WarningSJT
23:40 UTC00:30 UTCTornado WarningSJT
00:33 UTC01:30 UTCSevere Thunderstorm WarningSJT

Every warning and watch covering the touchdown point that day, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service products. Lead time is measured from the issue of the warning in force to the touchdown time in the database, both of which were recorded to the minute by different people.

The forecast that day

The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Slight Risk. The outlook in force was issued at 06:30 UTC.

SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Del Rio, TX (KDRT), 12:00Z

11.8 hours before the tornado, 134 km from the path. May 2, 1991.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Del Rio, TX at 12:00Z on 1991-05-02Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 981 joules per kilogram, CIN -91, lifted condensation level 663 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Del Rio, TX at 12:00Z on 1991-05-02The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 262 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 56 knots.19395878Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
981 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-91 J/kg
Surface CAPE
172 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
663 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
56 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
29 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
262 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
293 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
6.0
0-3 km lapse rate
3.7 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Del Rio, TX (KDRT), 00:00Z

0.2 hours after it, 134 km from the path. May 3, 1991.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Del Rio, TX at 00:00Z on 1991-05-03Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 3003 joules per kilogram, CIN -43, lifted condensation level 940 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Del Rio, TX at 00:00Z on 1991-05-03The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 243 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 53 knots.1939587897Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
3003 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-43 J/kg
Surface CAPE
2345 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
940 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
53 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
21 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
243 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
363 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
5.9
Supercell composite
21.7
0-3 km lapse rate
6.8 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

San Angelo/Mathis (SJT), 91 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
22:00 UTC7966170° 24 kt321006.4
23:00 UTC7965160° 20 kt251006.1
00:00 UTC7865140° 21 kt271005.1
01:00 UTC7665150° 18 kt1003

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 1991 tornado in TexasEvery tornado in Texas since 1950Warnings in force in Texas nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of May 2, 1991

17 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
May 22:25 PM CDTF0Fisher, TX0.777$50 to $500
May 22:38 PM CDTF1Fisher, TX0.6501$5,000 to $50,000
May 23:18 PM CDTF2Jones, TX0.210$5,000 to $50,000
May 23:50 PM CDTF1Haskell, TX0.210$5,000 to $50,000
May 23:30 PM MDTF0Elbert, CO0.210
May 23:45 PM MDTF1Elbert, CO1.027
May 25:10 PM CDTF0Stanton, KS0.327
May 24:15 PM MDTF0Lincoln, CO0.210
May 24:30 PM MDTF1Lincoln, CO0.227$50,000 to $500,000
May 24:45 PM MDTF0Lincoln, CO0.110
May 26:00 PM MDTF3Perkins, NE13.0173$500,000 to $5 million
May 26:05 PM MDTF0Sublette, WY0.120
May 27:20 PM CDTF0Hayes, NE0.123
May 26:36 PM MDTF0Lincoln, WY0.120
May 26:48 PM MDTF1Phillips, CO2.027$50,000 to $500,000
May 28:00 PM CDTF1McClain, OK0.3303$5,000 to $50,000
May 28:20 PM CDTF1Cleveland, OK0.530$50,000 to $500,000

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.