Tornadoes · United States · Texas · 1981

F1 tornado, Galveston County, Texas, August 31, 1981

This F1 tornado ran 12.9 miles across Galveston County on August 31, 1981, touching down at 7:05 PM CDT and reaching 83 yards wide. It killed nobody and injured 2, and did $5 million to $50 million of property damage.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mph

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mphthis tornado

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F1
Date
August 31, 1981
Touchdown
7:05 PM CDT (00:05 UTC)
Path length
12.9 miles (20.8 km)
Path width
83 yards (76 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
2
Property damage
$5 million to $50 million
County
Galveston County
Touchdown point
29.220, -94.930
Lift-off point
29.330, -94.770
Record number
716

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Lake Charles Mun, LA (KLCH), 00:00Z

0.1 hours before the tornado, 185 km from the path. September 1, 1981.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Lake Charles Mun, LA at 00:00Z on 1981-09-01Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 2590 joules per kilogram, CIN -8, lifted condensation level 700 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Lake Charles Mun, LA at 00:00Z on 1981-09-01The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 45 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 13 knots.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
2590 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-8 J/kg
Surface CAPE
1573 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
700 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
13 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
11 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
45 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
155 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.4
Supercell composite
2.8
0-3 km lapse rate
5.0 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Lake Charles Mun, LA (KLCH), 12:00Z

11.9 hours after it, 185 km from the path. September 1, 1981.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Lake Charles Mun, LA at 12:00Z on 1981-09-01Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 2600 joules per kilogram, CIN -4, lifted condensation level 676 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Lake Charles Mun, LA at 12:00Z on 1981-09-01The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity -7 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 8 knots.1939Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
2600 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-4 J/kg
Surface CAPE
1660 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
676 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
8 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
17 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
-7 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
24 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
5.1 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Galveston/Scholes (GLS), 1 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
23:00 UTC757530° 10 kt1007.8TSRA
00:00 UTC80.680.6130° 20 kt
01:00 UTC 1009.5
02:00 UTC 1009.5

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 1981 tornado in TexasEvery tornado in Texas since 1950Warnings in force in Texas nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of August 31, 1981

3 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
August 319:15 AM CDTF1Brazoria, TX0.330$50,000 to $500,000
August 319:30 AM CDTF0Austin, TX0.137$5,000 to $50,000
August 3112:45 PM CDTF1Brazoria, TX0.443$5,000 to $50,000

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.