Tornadoes · United States · South Dakota · 1979

F1 tornado, McCook County, South Dakota, June 16, 1979

This F1 tornado ran 0.1 miles across McCook County on June 16, 1979, touching down at 5:27 AM CDT and reaching 10 yards wide. It killed nobody, and did $5,000 to $50,000 of property damage.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mph

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mphthis tornado

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F1
Date
June 16, 1979
Touchdown
5:27 AM CDT (10:27 UTC)
Path length
0.1 miles (0.2 km)
Path width
10 yards (9 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
Property damage
$5,000 to $50,000
County
McCook County
Touchdown point
43.770, -97.380
Record number
341

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Aberdeen, SD (KHON), 00:00Z

10.5 hours before the tornado, 150 km from the path. June 16, 1979.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Aberdeen, SD at 00:00Z on 1979-06-16Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 347 joules per kilogram, CIN -166, lifted condensation level 1707 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Aberdeen, SD at 00:00Z on 1979-06-16The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 39 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 45 knots.19395878Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
347 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-166 J/kg
Surface CAPE
93 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1707 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
45 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
12 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
39 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
145 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
1.6
0-3 km lapse rate
6.8 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Aberdeen, SD (KHON), 12:00Z

1.5 hours after it, 150 km from the path. June 16, 1979.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Aberdeen, SD at 12:00Z on 1979-06-16Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 0 joules per kilogram, CIN -7848, lifted condensation level 1148 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Aberdeen, SD at 12:00Z on 1979-06-16The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity -163 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 53 knots.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-7848 J/kg
Surface CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1148 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
53 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
16 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
-163 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
-48 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
4.4 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Mitchell (MHE), 53 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
11:00 UTC605820° 22 kt281010.8TSRA
12:00 UTC595840° 15 kt221008.1-SHRA

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 1979 tornado in South DakotaEvery tornado in South Dakota since 1950Warnings in force in South Dakota nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of June 16, 1979

9 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
June 166:15 AM CDTF1Pipestone, MN0.380$50,000 to $500,000
June 166:45 AM CDTF0Pipestone, MN0.150$5,000 to $50,000
June 1610:30 AM CDTF2Oconto, WI15.2100$50,000 to $500,000
June 164:00 PM CDTF1Eau Claire, WI17.6100$500,000 to $5 million
June 164:30 PM CDTF1Lincoln, WI0.110$50,000 to $500,000
June 164:40 PM CDTF1Lincoln, WI0.110$50,000 to $500,000
June 167:46 PM MDTF0Laramie, WY0.160
June 167:50 PM MDTF2Cheyenne, CO3.0200$500,000 to $5 million
June 1612:30 AM CDTF1Graham, KS4.933$500,000 to $5 million

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.