Tornadoes · United States · South Dakota · 1978

F1 tornado, Fall River County, South Dakota, May 4, 1978

This F1 tornado ran 0.2 miles across Fall River County on May 4, 1978, touching down at 4:30 PM MDT and reaching 200 yards wide. It killed nobody, and did $500 to $5,000 of property damage.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mph

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mphthis tornado

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F1, estimated from the damage record rather than surveyed
Date
May 4, 1978
Touchdown
4:30 PM MDT (22:30 UTC)
Path length
0.2 miles (0.3 km)
Path width
200 yards (183 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
Property damage
$500 to $5,000
County
Fall River County
Touchdown point
43.430, -103.480
Record number
183

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Rapid City, SD (KRAP), 12:00Z

10.5 hours before the tornado, 86 km from the path. May 4, 1978.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Rapid City, SD at 12:00Z on 1978-05-04Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 5 joules per kilogram, CIN -15, lifted condensation level 669 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Rapid City, SD at 12:00Z on 1978-05-04The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 84 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 21 knots.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
5 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-15 J/kg
Surface CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
669 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
21 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
16 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
84 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
97 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
5.5 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Rapid City, SD (KRAP), 00:00Z

1.5 hours after it, 86 km from the path. May 5, 1978.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Rapid City, SD at 00:00Z on 1978-05-05Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 0 joules per kilogram, CIN -13260, lifted condensation level 924 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Rapid City, SD at 00:00Z on 1978-05-05The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 31 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 14 knots.1939Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-13260 J/kg
Surface CAPE
7 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
924 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
14 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
8 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
31 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
10 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
6.6 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 1978 tornado in South DakotaEvery tornado in South Dakota since 1950Warnings in force in South Dakota nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of May 4, 1978

14 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
May 43:10 AM EDTF0Bradford, FL0.113
May 45:30 AM EDTF0Dixie, FL0.113$5,000 to $50,000
May 46:30 AM EDTF2Alachua, FL12.83004$500,000 to $5 million
May 49:00 AM EDTF0Saint Johns, FL0.113$5,000 to $50,000
May 411:00 AM EDTF0Saint Johns, FL0.210$500 to $5,000
May 411:45 AM EDTF0Pasco, FL0.113$500 to $5,000
May 411:47 AM EDTF3Pinellas, FL1.5200394$500,000 to $5 million
May 41:55 PM EDTF0Putnam, FL0.113$500 to $5,000
May 43:20 PM EDTF1Highlands, FL0.5502$500,000 to $5 million
May 43:50 PM EDTF0Osceola, FL0.1131$5,000 to $50,000
May 44:00 PM EDTF0Highlands, FL0.120$5,000 to $50,000
May 46:50 PM EDTF2Clarendon, SC41.21501$50,000 to $500,000
May 45:50 PM CDTF0Sherman, TX11.360$50,000 to $500,000
May 47:00 PM EDTF1Kershaw, SC0.6100$500 to $5,000

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.