Tornadoes · United States · Pennsylvania · 1975

F2 tornado, Beaver, Allegheny and Westmoreland counties, Pennsylvania, June 4, 1975

This F2 tornado ran 45.3 miles across Beaver, Allegheny and Westmoreland counties on June 4, 1975, touching down at 7:45 PM EDT and reaching 30 yards wide. It killed nobody, and did $50 to $500 of property damage.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mph

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mph

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mphthis tornado

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F2
Date
June 4, 1975
Touchdown
7:45 PM EDT (23:45 UTC)
Path length
45.3 miles (72.9 km)
Path width
30 yards (27 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
Property damage
$50 to $500
Counties
Beaver, Allegheny and Westmoreland counties
Touchdown point
40.580, -80.220
Lift-off point
40.180, -79.530
Record number
500

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Pittsburgh, PA (KPIT), 12:00Z

11.8 hours before the tornado, 19 km from the path. June 4, 1975.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Pittsburgh, PA at 12:00Z on 1975-06-04Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 0 joules per kilogram, CIN -8749, lifted condensation level 855 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Pittsburgh, PA at 12:00Z on 1975-06-04The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 103 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 44 knots.19395878Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-8749 J/kg
Surface CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
855 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
44 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
23 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
103 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
142 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.0
0-3 km lapse rate
4.2 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Pittsburgh, PA (KPIT), 00:00Z

0.2 hours after it, 19 km from the path. June 5, 1975.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Pittsburgh, PA at 00:00Z on 1975-06-05Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 16 joules per kilogram, CIN -74, lifted condensation level 1339 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Pittsburgh, PA at 00:00Z on 1975-06-05The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 188 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 48 knots.19395878Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
16 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-74 J/kg
Surface CAPE
92 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1339 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
48 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
17 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
188 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
514 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.7
0-3 km lapse rate
7.0 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Pittsburgh/Alleghen (AGC), 5 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
22:00 UTC7855240° 8 kt1010.8
23:00 UTC7455210° 5 kt1010.2
00:00 UTC7356160° 8 kt1008.8
01:00 UTC7255180° 4 kt1008.8

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 1975 tornado in PennsylvaniaEvery tornado in Pennsylvania since 1950Warnings in force in Pennsylvania nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of June 4, 1975

7 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
June 41:30 AM CDTF2Clay, IA0.110$500 to $5,000
June 43:40 AM CDTF2Butler, IA0.110$5,000 to $50,000
June 42:30 PM CDTF1McLeod, MN30.7350$500,000 to $5 million
June 47:30 PM EDTF0Macomb, MI0.110$500 to $5,000
June 47:50 PM EDTF1Saint Clair, MI0.110$5,000 to $50,000
June 48:30 PM CDTF1Rock, WI0.217$500 to $5,000
June 49:45 PM CDTF3Dane, WI2.333$5,000 to $50,000

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.