Tornadoes · United States · Indiana · 1920
F4 tornado, West Liberty, IN to Van Wert, OH, March 28, 1920
This F4 tornado ran from West Liberty, IN to Van Wert, OH on March 28, 1920, touching down at 6:00 PM EST. Its path ran 40.3 miles and was up to 800 yards wide. It killed 17 people and injured 70. Before 1950 the record is Thomas P. Grazulis’s list of significant tornadoes: those rated F2 or stronger, and weaker ones that killed somebody.
The rating scale
Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. Grazulis rated these tornadoes on the Fujita scale decades after the fact, from written accounts of the damage. The scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.
F040 to 72 mph
Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
F173 to 112 mph
Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.
F2113 to 157 mph
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.
F3158 to 206 mph
Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.
F4207 to 260 mphthis tornado
Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.
F5261 to 318 mph
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.
Unrated
Grazulis gave no rating: the surviving account records a tornado without enough about the damage to rate it. Almost all of these are before 1880.
The record
- Rating
- F4, assigned by Grazulis from the accounts
- Date
- March 28, 1920
- Time
- 6:00 PM EST (23:00 UTC)
- Places named
- West Liberty, IN to Van Wert, OH
- Path length
- 40.3 miles (64.8 km)
- Path width
- 800 yards (732 m)
- Deaths
- 17
- Injuries
- 70
- Counties crossed today
- Jay, Adams, Mercer and Van Wert counties
- Drawn from
- 40.51, -85.04
- Drawn to
- 40.90, -84.47
- Record
- Tornado Archive TPG957
How the track was drawn
Tornado Archive drew the path as a straight line from the first place Grazulis names to the last. The tornado itself will not have run straight, and the line can miss a town it hit. The counties are today's, and many had other lines, or did not exist, in 1920.
The surface observations
Fort Wayne (FWA), 48 km from the path, in the two hours either side.
| Time (UTC) | Temp (°F) | Dew point (°F) | Wind | Gust (kt) | Pressure (mb) | Weather |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 00:00 UTC | 64 | 58 | 225° 14 kt |
From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.
What is not here
- The warnings
- The Weather Bureau issued its first public tornado forecasts in 1952. The warning archive this site reads begins in 1986.
- The outlook
- SPC's archive of convective outlooks begins in 1987.
- The radar
- Weather radar did not watch storms until after the Second World War. The radar archive this site reads begins in 1991.
- The Weather Service's narrative
- The Storm Events Database, with its narratives and casualty records, begins in 1950.
- A damage survey
- The Fujita scale dates from 1971, so no tornado before it was rated at the time. The rating here is Grazulis’s, from the accounts.
- A sounding
- The upper-air archive this site reads begins in the middle 1940s.
The other tornadoes of March 28, 1920
30 more significant tornadoes are on record that day.
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| March 28 | 2:30 AM CST | F2 | Vanzant, MO | 200 | 5 | |||
| March 28 | F2 | SW Lansing/Mason, MI | 1 | |||||
| March 28 | F2 | E Free Soil/Sherman Township, MI | 6.7 | 150 | ||||
| March 28 | 12:30 PM EST | F2 | E Sodus Township, MI | |||||
| March 28 | 12:00 PM CST | F2 | S Courtland/NE Sycamore, IL | 11.8 | 100 | |||
| March 28 | 12:05 PM CST | F3 | SE La Fox/Elgin, IL | 26.9 | 500 | 8 | 100 | |
| March 28 | 12:15 PM CST | F2 | E Elkhorn, W East Troy, WI | 6.2 | 400 | 1 | ||
| March 28 | 12:15 PM CST | F4 | Melrose Park, IL | 51.4 | 100 | 20 | 300 | |
| March 28 | 2:00 PM EST | F2 | Milner, Pike, GA | 1.4 | 1 | 3 | ||
| March 28 | 1:10 PM CST | F2 | Chicago, IL | 6.4 | 100 | 6 | ||
| March 28 | 3:00 PM EST | F2 | Weare, Oceana, MI | 9.9 | 100 | 1 | 3 | |
| March 28 | 2:00 PM CST | F3 | Cedar Springs/West Point, AL | 8.5 | 100 | 1 | 10 | |
| March 28 | 3:15 PM EST | F3 | S Mishawaka/NW Elkhart, IN/NW Union, MI | 21.2 | 200 | 8 | ||
| March 28 | 2:30 PM CST | F2 | N Deatsville, AL | 100 | 5 | |||
| March 28 | 2:45 PM CST | F4 | Red Hill, AL to West Point, GA | 50.0 | 400 | 26 | 125 | |
| March 28 | 4:00 PM EST | F2 | W Three Rivers/W Parkville, MI | 29.8 | 50 | |||
| March 28 | 4:00 PM EST | F2 | SW Kalamazoo, MI | |||||
| March 28 | 3:00 PM CST | F3 | W Leroy/W Palmer/Beatrice, IN | 7.9 | 100 | 1 | 1 | |
| March 28 | 4:30 PM EST | F4 | Orlando, IN to Coldwater, MI | 13.5 | 200 | 2 | 5 | |
| March 28 | 4:30 PM EST | F4 | Maple Grove, MI | 22.2 | 400 | 4 | 25 | |
| March 28 | 4:30 PM EST | F3 | S Mulliken/NE Eureka, MI | 50.6 | 150 | 1 | 1 | |
| March 28 | 4:30 PM EST | F3 | S Orangeville/ENE Hastings, MI | 8.7 | 200 | 1 | 5 | |
| March 28 | 5:00 PM EST | F4 | NNE Fenton, MI | 10.3 | 200 | 4 | 11 | |
| March 28 | 5:15 PM EST | F4 | Unionville, IN to Rabbs Corner, OH | 100.2 | 800 | 23 | 54 | |
| March 28 | 5:45 PM EST | F3 | SE LaGrange, GA | 4.4 | 800 | 27 | 100 | |
| March 28 | 6:00 PM EST | F2 | S Perry/NW Morrice, MI | 7.9 | 100 | |||
| March 28 | 7:07 PM EST | F2 | W Saginaw, MI | 1.7 | 50 | |||
| March 28 | 7:30 PM EST | F2 | Genoa, OH | 6.6 | 100 | 2 | 20 | |
| March 28 | 7:30 PM EST | F3 | S Union City, IN/SE Lightsville, OH | 14.8 | 200 | 5 | 10 | |
| March 28 | 8:00 PM EST | F4 | Fountain City, IN to Greenville, OH | 20.6 | 400 | 8 | 40 |
This ground now
The live radar over the trackEvery 1920 tornado in IndianaEvery tornado in IndianaWarnings in force in Indiana now
About the record before 1950
- Significant tornadoes only
- Grazulis listed tornadoes rated F2 or stronger, and weaker ones that killed somebody. Most tornadoes are weaker than F2, so the list holds a fraction of the tornadoes that happened.
- The early years are thin
- A tornado is on record only where somebody saw it and wrote it down. The count rises through the 1800s with settlement and newspapers, not with the weather.
- Rated from accounts
- Grazulis rated each tornado decades later from newspaper reports, Weather Bureau records and local histories, not from a damage survey.
- The tracks are reconstructed
- Tornado Archive drew each path through the places Grazulis names, most often as a straight line from the first to the last. A track can miss a town it hit, and a tornado with one named place is a point. The counties are today’s.
- A separate record
- SPC’s database, from 1950, counts every confirmed tornado of any strength. The two are kept apart on every page and never added together.
What this means
Ratings are Grazulis's, read from written accounts of the damage; the rating scale is above. About the record before 1950 says what it holds and what it leaves out.
Sources
Thomas P. Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991 and Significant Tornadoes 1880-1989, as digitized by Tornado Archive (Maas and others, 2024). Public domain. Counties assigned by this site from today’s NWS county lines.