Tornadoes · United States · Illinois · 1998

F0 tornado, Elkhart, Illinois, May 12, 1998

This F0 tornado ran 0.1 miles across Logan County on May 12, 1998, touching down at 9:13 PM CDT and reaching 30 yards wide. It killed nobody.

The rating scale

Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. The Fujita scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.

  1. F040 to 72 mphthis tornado

    Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.

  2. F173 to 112 mph

    Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.

  3. F2113 to 157 mph

    Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.

  4. F3158 to 206 mph

    Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.

  5. F4207 to 260 mph

    Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.

  6. F5261 to 318 mph

    Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.

  7. Unrated

    The survey recorded a tornado but could not put a number on it, most often because it crossed open country and damaged nothing a rating can be read from.

The record

Rating
F0
Date
May 12, 1998
Touchdown
9:13 PM CDT (02:13 UTC)
Path length
0.1 miles (0.2 km)
Path width
30 yards (27 m)
Deaths
0
Injuries
0
County
Logan County
Touchdown point
40.020, -89.520
Lift-off point
40.020, -89.520
Record number
298

What the Weather Service recorded

A tornado briefly touched down in a field 2 miles west of Elkhart. No injuries or damage were reported.

From NOAA NCEI's Storm Events Database, the narrative the local forecast office wrote for Storm Data.

The warnings

37 minutes of warning. NWS ILX issued a tornado warning for this county at 01:36 UTC, 37 minutes before the tornado touched down, in force until 02:45 UTC.

Issued (UTC)ExpiredProductOffice
01:36 UTC02:45 UTCTornado WarningILX
02:40 UTC03:30 UTCTornado WarningILX

Every warning and watch covering the touchdown point that day, from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service products. Lead time is measured from the issue of the warning in force to the touchdown time in the database, both of which were recorded to the minute by different people.

The forecast that day

The Storm Prediction Center had this point in a Slight Risk. The outlook in force was issued at 10:59 UTC.

SPC's Day 1 convective outlook as it stood when the tornado began, read at the touchdown point. The same archive is on the radar archive.

The air that afternoon

The radiosonde launches on either side of the tornado, from the nearest station that was launching then, drawn and analyzed the way Storm Lab does: the same diagram, the same parcel and shear definitions SPC's mesoanalysis uses.

Lincoln, IL (KILX), 00:00Z

2.2 hours before the tornado, 80 km from the path. May 13, 1998.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Lincoln, IL at 00:00Z on 1998-05-13Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 1906 joules per kilogram, CIN -10, lifted condensation level 1317 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Lincoln, IL at 00:00Z on 1998-05-13The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 81 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 39 knots.193958Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
1906 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-10 J/kg
Surface CAPE
2162 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1317 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
39 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
12 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
81 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
190 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.7
Supercell composite
6.2
0-3 km lapse rate
7.6 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

Lincoln, IL (KILX), 12:00Z

9.8 hours after it, 80 km from the path. May 13, 1998.

Skew-T log-pSkew-T log-p diagram, Lincoln, IL at 12:00Z on 1998-05-13Temperature and dew point through the depth of the atmosphere, with the mixed-layer parcel lifted from the surface. Mixed-layer CAPE 0 joules per kilogram, CIN -441, lifted condensation level 1094 meters above ground. Wind barbs in knots down the right edge.LCLLFCEL10008507005003002001001 km2 km3 km6 km9 km12 km15 km-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°
Temperature in red, dew point in green, the mixed-layer parcel dashed. The warm shading is its CAPE, the cool shading the inhibition it has to break through.
HodographHodograph, Lincoln, IL at 12:00Z on 1998-05-13The wind through the lowest 10 kilometers as a curve, rings every 10 meters per second labeled in knots. Zero to 1 km storm-relative helicity 23 square meters per square second, 0 to 6 km bulk shear 33 knots.19395878Sfc1 km3 km6 km9 kmRMLM
The wind turning with height, colored by layer: ground to 1 km, 1 to 3 km, 3 to 6 km, 6 to 10 km. RM and LM are the right and left moving storms Bunkers' method gives; the shaded area is the 0 to 1 km storm-relative helicity.
Mixed-layer CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer CIN
-441 J/kg
Surface CAPE
0 J/kg
Mixed-layer LCL
1094 m above ground
0-6 km bulk shear
33 kt
0-1 km bulk shear
6 kt
0-1 km storm-relative helicity
23 m²/s²
0-3 km storm-relative helicity
63 m²/s²
Significant tornado parameter
0.0
Supercell composite
0.5
0-3 km lapse rate
4.3 K/km

Open this sounding in Storm Lab

The surface observations

Springfield (SPI), 24 km from the path, in the two hours either side.

Time (UTC)Temp (°F)Dew point (°F)WindGust (kt)Pressure (mb)Weather
00:54 UTC7664180° 13 kt1006.8-TSRA
01:27 UTC69.868300° 5 kt1006.8
01:30 UTC69.866.2280° 4 kt1006.8
01:54 UTC7068 3 kt1007.8TS
02:54 UTC686460° 12 kt1008.8TS
03:12 UTC6862.690° 5 kt1008.5
03:54 UTC65630° 0 kt1008.1

From the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of airport observations.

The radar

The Lincoln radar (KILX), 21 km away, was scanning. The volume nearest the touchdown began at 02:11 UTC.

Open the radar archive at this moment, over the track

Reflectivity and velocity, decoded from the Level II archive in the browser. Volumes take a few seconds to open the first time.

This ground now

The live radar over the trackEvery 1998 tornado in IllinoisEvery tornado in Illinois since 1950Warnings in force in Illinois nowThe forecast where you are

The other tornadoes of May 12, 1998

12 more were confirmed in the United States that day.

DateTimeRatingWherePath (mi)Width (yd)DeathsInjuriesDamage
May 122:45 PM MDTF0Twin Falls, ID1.050
May 124:38 PM CDTF0Barron, WI6.050$100,000
May 126:28 PM CDTF0Schuyler, IL0.130
May 126:30 PM CDTF0Sawyer, WI3.0300
May 124:30 PM PDTF0Solano, CA0.230
May 126:37 PM CDTF0Fulton, IL0.130
May 126:38 PM CDTF0McDonough, IL0.130
May 127:00 PM CDTF0Sawyer, WI3.050
May 127:30 PM CDTF0Ashland, WI2.0100
May 128:16 PM CDTF1Macoupin, IL1.0200$50,000
May 128:55 PM CDTF0Menard, IL0.130
May 1210:16 PM CDTF0Montgomery, IL0.150

What this means

Ratings are the survey's, read off the damage rather than measured; the rating scale is above. Tornado counts rise through the record as reporting improved, so a year in the 1950s is not comparable with one today except for the strongest tornadoes, which were always noticed.

Sources

NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database, 1950-2025, the official record kept by NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.