Tornadoes · United States
Tornadoes of 1908
Grazulis's record has 124 significant tornadoes in the United States in 1908, which killed 476 people and injured 2,496. 19 were rated F4 or above, 2 of them F5. Before 1950 the record is Thomas P. Grazulis’s list of significant tornadoes: those rated F2 or stronger, and weaker ones that killed somebody.
1907 1909
The rating scale
Tracks are drawn in the color of the rating. Grazulis rated these tornadoes on the Fujita scale decades after the fact, from written accounts of the damage. The scale rates the damage rather than measuring the wind: the speeds are what that damage is taken to imply.
F040 to 72 mph
Light damage. Surface peeled off some roofs, gutters and siding damaged, branches broken, shallow-rooted trees pushed over.
F173 to 112 mph
Moderate damage. Roofs badly stripped, mobile homes overturned or badly damaged, exterior doors lost, windows broken.
F2113 to 157 mph
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off well-built houses, frame homes shifted on their foundations, mobile homes destroyed, large trees snapped or uprooted, cars lifted off the ground.
F3158 to 206 mph
Severe damage. Whole stories of well-built houses destroyed, large buildings badly damaged, trains overturned, trees debarked, heavy cars lifted and thrown.
F4207 to 260 mph
Devastating damage. Well-built houses leveled, structures with weak foundations moved some distance, cars thrown and large missiles generated.
F5261 to 318 mph
Incredible damage. Strong frame houses swept off their foundations, car-sized missiles thrown more than 100 meters, steel-reinforced concrete badly damaged, high-rise buildings deformed.
Unrated
Grazulis gave no rating: the surviving account records a tornado without enough about the damage to rate it. Almost all of these are before 1880.
The violent tornadoes of 1908
- F5, Carleton, NEJune 5, 190811 killed
- F5, SW Pender to N Thurston, NEApril 23, 19083 killed
- F4 Amite–Purvis tornado, Louisiana and MississippiApril 24, 1908143 killed
- F4, N Lamourie, LA to Natchez, MS to Tillman, MSApril 24, 190891 killed
- F4, Gilliam, LAMay 13, 190849 killed
- F4, Dora/Albertville, ALApril 24, 190835 killed
- F4, Bluffton, AL to Cave Spring, GAApril 24, 190811 killed
- F4, E Delmar to S Hazelhurst, MSJanuary 31, 19087 killed
- F4, NW Quinlan to N Ingersol, OKMay 26, 19087 killed
- F4, Clinton, MNJune 27, 19087 killed
- F4, NW Antelope Hills, TX to N Chester, OKMay 10, 19085 killed
- F4, W Scandia, KS to NNW Deshler, NEJune 5, 19083 killed
- F4, Hickory Creek, TXMay 12, 19082 killed
- F4, SW Burr Oak, KS to SE Guide Rock, NEJune 5, 19082 killed
- F4, Deport, TXApril 23, 19081 killed
- F4, N Athol, KS to NE Franklin, NEJune 5, 19081 killed
- F4, SW Watson, MO to N Clarinda, IAMay 12, 190833.9 mi (55 km)
- F4, SW Phillipsburg, KS to S Republican City, NEJune 5, 190824.6 mi (40 km)
- F4, W Quinter, KSJune 17, 190812.3 mi (20 km)
- F4 Amite–Purvis tornado, Louisiana and MississippiApril 24, 1908143 killed, 770 injured
- F4, N Lamourie, LA to Natchez, MS to Tillman, MSApril 24, 190891 killed, 400 injured
- F4, Gilliam, LAMay 13, 190849 killed, 135 injured
- F4, Dora/Albertville, ALApril 24, 190835 killed, 188 injured
- F3, Mulberry Township/Cravens/Jethro/Watalula Township, ARNovember 23, 190814 killed, 40 injured
- F4, Bluffton, AL to Cave Spring, GAApril 24, 190811 killed, 50 injured
- F5, Carleton, NEJune 5, 190811 killed, 30 injured
- F3, Pine Mountain/Harris to S Greenville, GAApril 25, 190810 killed, 40 injured
- F2, NW Griffin/S McDonough, GAApril 25, 19088 killed, 100 injured
- F4, E Delmar to S Hazelhurst, MSJanuary 31, 19087 killed, 40 injured
January 25 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| January 25 | | F2 | Sweetwater/Pond Creek Valley/Philadelphia, TN | 7.9 | | 1 | 9 | |
January 26 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| January 26 | 6:00 PM CST | F2 | Hokes Bluff/Coats Bend, AL | 4.9 | | | | |
January 31 2 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| January 31 | | F2 | Lucedale, MS | | | 2 | 6 | |
| January 31 | 1:55 PM CST | F4 | E Delmar to S Hazelhurst, MS | 40.6 | 500 | 7 | 40 | |
February 14 2 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| February 14 | 3:50 AM CST | F3 | Tyler, TX | 4.5 | 50 | 4 | 15 | |
| February 14 | 10:30 AM CST | F3 | S Soso/N Service/N Laurel to Moss, MS | 14.7 | 300 | 4 | 20 | |
March 27 5 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| March 27 | | F2 | N Humboldt/SE Murdock, IL | 14.9 | | | | |
| March 27 | 6:00 PM CST | F3 | Willmathsville/NE Kirksville, MO | | 400 | 1 | 5 | |
| March 27 | 6:30 PM CST | F2 | New Boston, IA | | 70 | | | |
| March 27 | 7:30 PM CST | F3 | N Smithshire/NW Galesburg/Coldbrook/Henderson, IL | 22.5 | 200 | 1 | 6 | |
| March 27 | 8:00 PM CST | F2 | E Galesburg/E Wataga, IL | 7.5 | | | | |
April 23 10 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| April 23 | | F2 | Hector, AR | | | 3 | 20 | |
| April 23 | 12:30 PM CST | F2 | W Valley Springs/E Benclare, SD | 4.8 | | | | |
| April 23 | 4:15 PM CST | F2 | Oak Grove, TX | 15.1 | 250 | | 7 | |
| April 23 | 4:30 PM CST | F2 | W Foreman/S DeQueen, AR | 28.9 | | 3 | | |
| April 23 | 4:30 PM CST | F3 | W Inwood/W Larchwood, IA | 21.2 | 100 | | 1 | |
| April 23 | 5:30 PM CST | F2 | Clifton/N Cayote, TX | 10.0 | | | 10 | |
| April 23 | 6:00 PM CST | F4 | Deport, TX | 10.0 | 300 | 1 | 6 | |
| April 23 | 6:00 PM CST | F5 | SW Pender to N Thurston, NE | 15.1 | 400 | 3 | 10 | |
| April 23 | 6:30 PM CST | F3 | S Rice, TX | 7.0 | 150 | 3 | 6 | |
| April 23 | 9:00 PM CST | F2 | S Daingerfield, TX | 9.4 | 100 | | 5 | |
April 24 14 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| April 24 | 2:30 AM CST | F2 | Walls, MS | 6.8 | | | 1 | |
| April 24 | 3:00 AM CST | F2 | Mason, TN | 3.6 | | | | |
| April 24 | 3:00 AM CST | F2 | Buntyn, TN | 5.0 | 400 | | 15 | |
| April 24 | 5:00 AM CST | F4 | N Lamourie, LA to Natchez, MS to Tillman, MS | 122.6 | 700 | 91 | 400 | |
| April 24 | 9:15 AM CST | F2 | Braxton, MS | | | | 10 | |
| April 24 | 11:45 AM CST | F2 | N Wahalak/S Shuqualak, MS | 9.8 | | 3 | 10 | |
| April 24 | 11:45 AM CST | F4 | Amite–Purvis tornado, Louisiana and Mississippi | 154.9 | 1,000 | 143 | 770 | |
| April 24 | 2:40 PM CST | F4 | Dora/Albertville, AL | 104.8 | 500 | 35 | 188 | |
| April 24 | 2:45 PM CST | F2 | N Brooklyn/NE Epps/SSE Janet, MS | 25.3 | | 5 | 20 | |
| April 24 | 5:30 PM CST | F2 | N Thomasboro/E Rantoul, IL | 6.1 | 30 | | | |
| April 24 | 7:10 PM CST | F4 | Bluffton, AL to Cave Spring, GA | 15.6 | 400 | 11 | 50 | |
| April 24 | 9:00 PM CST | F2 | Fort Deposit, AL | 4.9 | 250 | 2 | 22 | |
| April 24 | 10:00 PM EST | F3 | Stamper/Climer/Sweetwater/E Cleveland, TN | | 400 | 1 | 8 | |
| April 24 | 9:30 PM CST | F2 | NE Montgomery, AL | 4.0 | | | | |
April 25 7 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| April 25 | 12:00 AM EST | F2 | Atlanta, GA | | 50 | | | |
| April 25 | 1:00 AM EST | F3 | Pine Mountain/Harris to S Greenville, GA | 14.9 | 150 | 10 | 40 | |
| April 25 | 1:30 AM EST | F2 | N Columbus, GA | 2.3 | 200 | 2 | 12 | |
| April 25 | 2:30 AM EST | F2 | NW Griffin/S McDonough, GA | 16.6 | 200 | 8 | 100 | |
| April 25 | 6:00 AM EST | F2 | Poulan, GA | | 100 | | 4 | |
| April 25 | 6:30 PM EST | F2 | S Fort Oglethorpe, GA | 2.8 | 100 | | | |
| April 25 | 8:00 PM EST | F2 | Diamond, GA | 7.9 | 200 | | 5 | |
April 26 2 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| April 26 | 3:00 PM CST | F2 | South Memphis, TN | 2.3 | 70 | | 2 | |
| April 26 | 4:30 PM EST | F2 | Bargersville/Pushville, IN | 4.7 | | | 11 | |
April 30 3 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| April 30 | 1:00 AM CST | F2 | S Red Level, AL | | | | 1 | |
| April 30 | 1:30 AM CST | F2 | Grady, AL | 3.8 | 400 | | 8 | |
| April 30 | 2:00 AM CST | F3 | S Tarentum/E Brundidge, AL | 14.6 | | | 10 | |
May 4 7 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 4 | | F2 | S Mills/N Dumas/S Reedville/W Watson, AR | 17.2 | | | | |
| May 4 | | F2 | Cushman, AR | | | | | |
| May 4 | | F2 | Rose Bud, AR | | | | | |
| May 4 | 5:00 PM CST | F2 | W Center Point, AR | | | | | |
| May 4 | 5:00 PM CST | F2 | W Conway, AR | 4.9 | 150 | | 18 | |
| May 4 | 7:00 PM CST | F2 | Marche, AR | | 150 | 2 | 6 | |
| May 4 | 9:00 PM CST | F2 | NW Monticello, AR | 4.0 | 200 | | 9 | |
May 10 3 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 10 | 2:30 PM CST | F3 | S Millersburg/Cleveland, IL | 42.8 | 100 | 1 | 20 | |
| May 10 | 4:30 PM CST | F4 | NW Antelope Hills, TX to N Chester, OK | 79.9 | 800 | 5 | 40 | |
| May 10 | 6:00 PM CST | F2 | SW Aline, OK | 15.3 | | | | |
May 11 3 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 11 | 1:00 AM CST | F2 | Tuttle, OK | 8.4 | 70 | | | |
| May 11 | 1:15 PM CST | F2 | N Cascade/Worthington/Dyersville/Holy Cross, IA | 19.2 | 50 | | | |
| May 11 | 1:20 PM CST | F2 | Moscow, IA | 2.9 | 100 | | | |
May 12 7 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 12 | 4:00 PM CST | F3 | Louisville/SW Springfield, NE | 6.3 | | 2 | 17 | |
| May 12 | 4:15 PM CST | F2 | WSW Leonard/Valley Creek, TX | 8.5 | 100 | | 1 | |
| May 12 | 4:30 PM CST | F2 | W Bellevue, NE | | | 1 | 2 | |
| May 12 | 4:45 PM CST | F4 | Hickory Creek, TX | 8.8 | 300 | 2 | 5 | |
| May 12 | 5:00 PM CST | F4 | SW Watson, MO to N Clarinda, IA | 33.9 | 400 | | 20 | |
| May 12 | 5:10 PM CST | F3 | Shubert/Stella/Nemaha, NE | 8.3 | 35 | | 8 | |
| May 12 | 5:30 PM CST | F2 | Bellevue, NE | 9.9 | 10 | | 25 | |
May 13 5 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 13 | 10:00 AM CST | F2 | WNW Shawnee, OK | 4.0 | 50 | | | |
| May 13 | 12:30 PM CST | F2 | Chataignier/N Opelousas/S St. Francisville/SE Ethel, LA | 69.1 | | 1 | 10 | |
| May 13 | 4:30 PM CST | F2 | Linden, TX | 10.2 | 150 | 3 | 10 | |
| May 13 | 5:15 PM CST | F2 | W Ladonia/Honey Grove, TX | 11.6 | 100 | | 4 | |
| May 13 | 5:30 PM CST | F4 | Gilliam, LA | 24.5 | 300 | 49 | 135 | |
May 17 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 17 | 8:30 PM CST | F2 | Nash, OK | | | | | |
May 21 3 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 21 | 3:00 AM CST | F3 | S Lincoln/Colbert, KS | 9.8 | | 1 | 1 | |
| May 21 | 8:45 AM CST | F1 | N Georgetown/Albia, IA | 7.8 | 50 | 1 | | |
| May 21 | 6:30 PM CST | F2 | SE Avard/Dacoma, OK | 8.4 | | | | |
May 22 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 22 | | F1 | Frederick, OK | | | 3 | | |
May 23 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 23 | 3:30 PM CST | F2 | W Denton, TX | 6.2 | 100 | | 2 | |
May 24 3 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 24 | 1:45 PM CST | F2 | Council Bluffs, IA | | 10 | | | |
| May 24 | 4:20 PM CST | F2 | S Imogene, MN | 2.8 | 50 | | 5 | |
| May 24 | 4:30 PM CST | F2 | N Mapleton/E Eagle Lake, MN | 21.2 | 150 | | 1 | |
May 26 3 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 26 | 6:30 PM CST | F4 | NW Quinlan to N Ingersol, OK | 49.9 | 400 | 7 | 8 | |
| May 26 | 8:00 PM CST | F2 | Alfalfa County, OK | | | | | |
| May 26 | 11:45 PM CST | F2 | E Doniphan, NE | 1.7 | | | | |
May 27 2 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 27 | | F2 | NE Chadron, NE | 2.3 | | | | |
| May 27 | 10:00 PM CST | F3 | SE Ionia/NW Jewell, KS | 10.1 | 150 | 1 | 19 | |
May 28 2 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| May 28 | 12:00 PM CST | F3 | W Nellie to W Marlow, OK | 8.4 | 200 | | | |
| May 28 | 4:30 PM CST | F3 | Cashion, OK | 10.0 | 250 | | 3 | |
June 1 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 1 | 3:15 PM CST | F3 | S Seguin to SE Hoxie, KS | 14.5 | 100 | | | |
June 4 5 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 4 | 4:30 PM CST | F2 | S Kearney, NE | 2.1 | 50 | | 3 | |
| June 4 | 5:00 PM CST | F2 | NW Axtell, NE | | | | 1 | |
| June 4 | 5:30 PM CST | F2 | N Glenwood Park, NE | | | | 1 | |
| June 4 | 6:00 PM CST | F2 | SW Hildreth, NE | | | | | |
| June 4 | 6:30 PM CST | F3 | E Hildreth, NE | 4.6 | 200 | | | |
June 5 9 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 5 | | F2 | Gibbon, NE | | | | 2 | |
| June 5 | 12:00 PM CST | F3 | NW Boelus, NE | 10.4 | | 2 | | |
| June 5 | 4:30 PM CST | F4 | SW Phillipsburg, KS to S Republican City, NE | 24.6 | 400 | | 10 | |
| June 5 | 5:00 PM CST | F4 | N Athol, KS to NE Franklin, NE | 29.9 | 800 | 1 | 15 | |
| June 5 | 6:30 PM CST | F4 | SW Burr Oak, KS to SE Guide Rock, NE | 18.3 | 400 | 2 | 5 | |
| June 5 | 6:45 PM CST | F3 | Fairfield, NE | 12.3 | 150 | | | |
| June 5 | 7:30 PM CST | F2 | SW Scandia/W Republic, KS | 15.2 | 100 | | | |
| June 5 | 7:45 PM CST | F4 | W Scandia, KS to NNW Deshler, NE | 29.8 | 400 | 3 | 20 | |
| June 5 | 8:30 PM CST | F5 | Carleton, NE | 34.9 | 800 | 11 | 30 | |
June 7 4 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 7 | 1:40 PM CST | F2 | E Mt. Vernon/N Lisbon, IA | 5.0 | 70 | | | |
| June 7 | 2:00 PM CST | F3 | W Willow River, MN | | | | 1 | |
| June 7 | 3:30 PM CST | F3 | Hillsboro to SE Mauston, WI | 16.8 | 50 | 2 | 3 | |
| June 7 | 4:50 PM CST | F3 | Charles City, IA | 11.1 | 100 | 1 | 10 | |
June 11 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 11 | 5:45 PM CST | F3 | SE Offerle/W Kinsley, KS | 8.4 | | | 4 | |
June 13 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 13 | 2:00 AM CST | F2 | Columbia, OK | 4.7 | | 2 | 1 | |
June 17 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 17 | 3:30 PM CST | F4 | W Quinter, KS | 12.3 | 250 | | | |
June 19 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 19 | 6:30 PM EST | F2 | Steubenville, OH | 5.2 | | | | |
June 22 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 22 | 5:30 PM CST | F3 | NW Windom/N Bingham Lake to NW Mountain Lake | 10.1 | 400 | 1 | 7 | |
June 27 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| June 27 | 5:50 PM CST | F4 | Clinton, MN | 6.4 | 300 | 7 | 45 | |
November 23 6 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| November 23 | | F2 | Uniontown, AR | 6.0 | 150 | | | |
| November 23 | 2:00 PM CST | F2 | NW Huntsville/S Rockhouse/Berryville, AR/Blue Eye, MO | 33.5 | 100 | | 5 | |
| November 23 | 2:30 PM CST | F3 | Mulberry Township/Cravens/Jethro/Watalula Township, AR | 11.5 | 200 | 14 | 40 | |
| November 23 | 3:00 PM CST | F2 | E Knoxville, AR | 11.8 | 300 | | 40 | |
| November 23 | 5:00 PM CST | F2 | Potter/N Mena, AR | 8.2 | 70 | 2 | 8 | |
| November 23 | 6:30 PM CST | F2 | NW McNeil, AR | | 150 | 1 | | |
November 25 4 tornadoes
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| November 25 | 2:00 PM CST | F2 | S Marissa, IL | 21.4 | 25 | | 3 | |
| November 25 | 3:45 PM CST | F2 | NW Jonesboro/SE Walcott, AR | 9.4 | 100 | 2 | 9 | |
| November 25 | 6:45 PM CST | F3 | W Rudolph/Carson Township/Eau Plaine Township to N Junction City, WI | 8.8 | 70 | 1 | 1 | |
| November 25 | 7:10 PM CST | F3 | E Wisconsin Rapids/S Mecham to N Stevens Point, WI | 11.9 | 100 | 1 | 10 | |
December 3 1 tornado
| Date | Time | Rating | Where | Path (mi) | Width (yd) | Deaths | Injuries | Damage |
|---|
| December 3 | | F2 | Westville, OK | | | | | |
About the record before 1950
- Significant tornadoes only
- Grazulis listed tornadoes rated F2 or stronger, and weaker ones that killed somebody. Most tornadoes are weaker than F2, so the list holds a fraction of the tornadoes that happened.
- The early years are thin
- A tornado is on record only where somebody saw it and wrote it down. The count rises through the 1800s with settlement and newspapers, not with the weather.
- Rated from accounts
- Grazulis rated each tornado decades later from newspaper reports, Weather Bureau records and local histories, not from a damage survey.
- The tracks are reconstructed
- Tornado Archive drew each path through the places Grazulis names, most often as a straight line from the first to the last. A track can miss a town it hit, and a tornado with one named place is a point. The counties are today’s.
- A separate record
- SPC’s database, from 1950, counts every confirmed tornado of any strength. The two are kept apart on every page and never added together.
Thomas P. Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991 and Significant Tornadoes 1880-1989, as digitized by Tornado Archive (Maas and others, 2024). Public domain. Counties assigned by this site from today’s NWS county lines.