Alert archive / Iowa / River Flood Warnings in 2016

River Flood Warning 2, NWS Sioux Falls, SD

February 21, 2016Clay County, Iowa

NWS Sioux Falls, SD issued this river flood warning at Feb 21, 2016, 2:56 PM CST for Clay County, Iowa. It was in force for 5 days.

The area

The outline as issued.

The facts

Issued: Feb 21, 2016, 2:56 PM CST (20:56 UTC)
Expired: Feb 26, 2016, 6:00 PM CST
In force: 5 days
Issued by: NWS Sioux Falls, SD
Area: Storm-based polygon
Flood severity: Minor

County Clay County, IA

The radar

The Sioux Falls radar (KFSD), 142 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 20:56 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.

Open the radar archive at this moment

The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.

The river

Written for the forecast point Little Sioux River at Spencer (SPWI4).

Action stage: 9 ft
Minor stage: 10 ft
Moderate stage: 14 ft
Major stage: 16 ft

This gauge today: stage, forecast and historic crests

Stage from the USGS instantaneous record, one reading an hour, from a day before the product to a day after it ended. Flood stages are today's.

The text

As transmitted.

271 
WGUS43 KFSD 212056
FLWFSD
BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED
FLOOD WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
256 PM CST SUN FEB 21 2016

...The National Weather Service in Sioux Falls has issued a flood 
warning for the following rivers in Iowa...

  Little Sioux River At Spencer
...Forecast flooding changed from Minor to Moderate severity for the 
following rivers in Iowa...
  Ocheyedan River Near Spencer
 
.The following river forecasts include forecast precipitation through
tonight. Any additional future rains could affect the crest 
forecasts. 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Safety message...Do not drive cars through flooded areas. the water 
depth and road condition may be unsafe.

Additional information is available at 
 
http://www.water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=fsd

Stay tuned for further updates by listening to NOAA weather radio...
or your local radio and TV stations.

The next scheduled statement will be issued tomorrow morning.

&&

IAC041-230056-
/O.EXT.KFSD.FL.W.0001.000000T0000Z-160225T0000Z/
/SPOI4.2.ER.000000T0000Z.160222T0000Z.160224T0000Z.NO/
256 PM CST SUN FEB 21 2016

...Forecast flooding increased from Minor to Moderate severity...
The Flood Warning continues for 
 The Ocheyedan River Near Spencer.
* until Wednesday evening.
* At 02PM Sunday the stage was 9.1 feet.
* Minor flooding is occurring and Moderate flooding is forecast.
* Flood stage is 8.0 feet.
* Forecast...The river will crest near 9.7 feet by this afternoon. 
  The river will fall below flood stage Tuesday February 23.
* At stages near 9.5 feet...Significant amounts of pasture and other 
farm land begin flooding. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4318 9540 4318 9533 4315 9520 4313 9513
          4312 9524 4315 9540

$$

IAC041-230056-
/O.NEW.KFSD.FL.W.0002.160221T2056Z-160227T0000Z/
/SPWI4.1.ER.160221T1515Z.160223T0000Z.160226T0000Z.NO/
256 PM CST SUN FEB 21 2016

The National Weather Service in Sioux Falls has issued a 

* Flood Warning for 
  The Little Sioux River At Spencer.
* until Friday evening.
* At 02PM Sunday the stage was 10.3 feet.
* Minor flooding is occurring and Minor flooding is forecast.
* Flood stage is 10.0 feet.
* Forecast...The river will crest near 10.7 feet by Tuesday February 
  23. The river will fall below flood stage Thursday February 25.
* At stages near 10.0 feet...The right bank overflows, and minor 
flooding of the Spencer city park and some rural agricultural areas 
begins. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4315 9518 4315 9512 4315 9505 4299 9503
          4302 9510 4310 9510

$$

&& 
LOCATION FLOOD  LATEST OBSERVED  MAXIMUM FORECAST  RECENT OBSERVED
         STAGE  STAGE  TIME      STAGE  TIME       CREST TIME

OCHEYEDAN RIVER
SPOI4    8.0   9.14 Sun 3 PM    9.7  Sun 6 PM    9.5  Sun Feb 21

LITTLE SIOUX RIVER
SPWI4    10.0   10.27 Sun 2 PM    10.7  Mon 6 PM    10.0  Sun Feb 21

7 follow-up statements

334 
WGUS83 KFSD 220139
FLSFSD
FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
739 PM CST SUN FEB 21 2016

...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Iowa...
  Ocheyedan River Near Spencer and the Little Sioux River At Spencer
 
.The following river forecasts include forecast precipitation through
tonight. Any additional future rains could affect the crest 
forecasts. 
 
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Safety message...Do not drive cars through flooded areas. the water 
depth and road condition may be unsafe.

Additional information is available at 
 
http://www.water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=fsd

Stay tuned for further updates by listening to NOAA weather radio...
or your local radio and TV stations.

The next scheduled statement will be issued tomorrow morning.

&&

IAC041-230539-
/O.CON.KFSD.FL.W.0001.000000T0000Z-160225T0000Z/
/SPOI4.2.ER.000000T0000Z.160221T1715Z.160224T0000Z.NO/
739 PM CST SUN FEB 21 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Ocheyedan River Near Spencer.
* until Wednesday evening.
* At 06PM Sunday the stage was 8.2 feet.
* Flood stage is 8.0 feet.
* Forecast...The river will rise to 9.5 feet by 12 AM Monday.
* At stages near 9.5 feet...Significant amounts of pasture and other 
farm land begin flooding. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4318 9540 4318 9533 4315 9520 4313 9513
          4312 9524 4315 9540

$$

IAC041-230538-
/O.CON.KFSD.FL.W.0002.000000T0000Z-160227T0000Z/
/SPWI4.1.ER.160221T1515Z.160223T0000Z.160226T0000Z.NO/
739 PM CST SUN FEB 21 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Spencer.
* until Friday evening.
* At 06PM Sunday the stage was 10.5 feet.
* Flood stage is 10.0 feet.
* Recent activity...The river rose above flood stage on Sunday 
  February 21.
* Forecast...The river will crest near 10.7 feet by Tuesday February 
  23. The river will fall below flood stage Thursday February 25.
* At stages near 10.0 feet...The right bank overflows, and minor 
flooding of the Spencer city park and some rural agricultural areas 
begins. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4315 9518 4315 9512 4315 9505 4299 9503
          4302 9510 4310 9510

$$

&& 
LOCATION FLOOD  LATEST OBSERVED  MAXIMUM FORECAST  RECENT OBSERVED
         STAGE  STAGE  TIME      STAGE   TIME      CREST TIME

OCHEYEDAN RIVER
SPOI4    8.0   8.25 Sun 7 PM      9.5  Mon 12 AM   9.5  Sun Feb 21

LITTLE SIOUX RIVER
SPWI4    10.0 10.51 Sun 6 PM     10.7  Mon 6 PM    

ADAMS

781 
WGUS83 KFSD 221512
FLSFSD
FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
912 AM CST MON FEB 22 2016

...The Flood Warning is cancelled for the following rivers in Iowa...

  Ocheyedan River Near Spencer
...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Iowa...

  Little Sioux River At Spencer
 
.The following river forecasts include forecast precipitation through
tonight. Any additional future rains could affect the crest 
forecasts. 


PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Safety message...Do not drive cars through flooded areas. the water 
depth and road condition may be unsafe.

Additional information is available at 
 
http://www.water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=fsd

Stay tuned for further updates by listening to NOAA weather radio...
or your local radio and TV stations.

The next scheduled statement will be issued tomorrow morning.

&&

IAC041-231912-
/O.EXT.KFSD.FL.W.0002.000000T0000Z-160225T1800Z/
/SPWI4.1.ER.160221T1515Z.160222T1800Z.160224T1800Z.NO/
912 AM CST MON FEB 22 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Spencer.
* until Thursday afternoon.
* At 08AM Monday the stage was 11.4 feet.
* Flood stage is 10.0 feet.
* Recent activity...The river rose above flood stage on Sunday 
  February 21.
* Forecast...The river will crest near 11.9 feet by Monday February 
  22. The river will fall below flood stage Wednesday February 24.

&&
 
LAT...LON 4315 9518 4315 9512 4315 9505 4299 9503
          4302 9510 4310 9510

$$

IAC041-221542-
/O.CAN.KFSD.FL.W.0001.000000T0000Z-160225T0000Z/
/SPOI4.2.ER.000000T0000Z.160221T1715Z.000000T0000Z.NO/
912 AM CST MON FEB 22 2016

The Flood Warning is cancelled for
  The Ocheyedan River Near Spencer.
* At 08AM Monday the stage was 6.9 feet.
* Flood stage is 8.0 feet.
* Forecast...The river crested below flood stage at 7.9 feet. The 
  river will fall to 6.5 feet by .

&&
 
LAT...LON 4318 9540 4318 9533 4315 9520 4313 9513
          4312 9524 4315 9540

$$

&& 
LOCATION FLOOD  LATEST OBSERVED  MAXIMUM FORECAST  RECENT OBSERVED
         STAGE  STAGE  TIME      STAGE  TIME       CREST TIME

LITTLE SIOUX RIVER
SPWI4    10.0   11.42 Mon 8 AM    11.9  Mon 12 PM   

OCHEYEDAN RIVER
SPOI4    8.0     6.94 Mon 9 AM                        9.5  Sun Feb 21

131 
WGUS83 KFSD 230315
FLSFSD
FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
915 PM CST MON FEB 22 2016

...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Iowa...

  Little Sioux River At Linn Grove 
  Little Sioux River At Spencer
 
.The following river forecasts include forecast precipitation through
tonight. Any additional future rains could affect the crest 
forecasts. 
 
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Safety message...Do not drive cars through flooded areas. the water 
depth and road condition may be unsafe.

Additional information is available at 
 
http://www.water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=fsd

Stay tuned for further updates by listening to NOAA weather radio...
or your local radio and TV stations.

The next scheduled statement will be issued tomorrow morning.

&&

IAC041-240715-
/O.CON.KFSD.FL.W.0002.000000T0000Z-160225T1800Z/
/SPWI4.1.ER.160221T1515Z.160222T1700Z.160224T1800Z.NO/
915 PM CST MON FEB 22 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Spencer.
* until Thursday afternoon.
* At 08PM Monday the stage was 11.4 feet.
* Flood stage is 10.0 feet.
* Recent activity...The river rose above flood stage on Sunday 
  February 21.
* Forecast...The river will continue to fall to below flood stage by 
  Wednesday February 24.
* At stages near 10.0 feet...The right bank overflows, and minor 
flooding of the Spencer city park and some rural agricultural areas 
begins. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4315 9518 4315 9512 4315 9505 4299 9503
          4302 9510 4310 9510

$$

IAC021-041-240715-
/O.EXT.KFSD.FL.W.0003.160224T0000Z-160304T1200Z/
/LNNI4.1.ER.160224T0000Z.160225T0000Z.160303T1200Z.NO/
915 PM CST MON FEB 22 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Linn Grove.
* from Tuesday evening to Friday March 04.
* At 09PM Monday the stage was 17.8 feet.
* Flood stage is 18.0 feet.
* Forecast...Rise above flood stage by 6 PM Tuesday and crest near 
  18.2 feet by Thursday February 25.the river will fall below flood 
  stage by Thursday March 03.
* At stages near 18.5 feet...The city park in Sioux Rapids is 
flooded. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4302 9510 4299 9503 4287 9512 4288 9536
          4296 9543 4293 9520

$$

&& 
LOCATION FLOOD  LATEST OBSERVED  MAXIMUM FORECAST  RECENT OBSERVED
         STAGE  STAGE  TIME      STAGE  TIME       CREST TIME

LITTLE SIOUX RIVER
SPWI4    10.0   11.44 Mon 8 PM                      11.5  Mon Feb 22
LNNI4    18.0   17.79 Mon 9 PM    18.2  Wed 6 PM    

ADAMS

212 
WGUS83 KFSD 231533
FLSFSD
FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
933 AM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Iowa...

  Little Sioux River At Spencer
  Little Sioux River At Linn Grove
 
.The following river forecasts include forecast precipitation through
tonight. Any additional future rains could affect the crest 
forecasts. 
 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Safety message...Do not drive cars through flooded areas. the water 
depth and road condition may be unsafe.

Additional information is available at 
 
http://www.water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=fsd

Stay tuned for further updates by listening to NOAA weather radio...
or your local radio and TV stations.

The next scheduled statement will be issued tomorrow morning.

&&

IAC041-241933-
/O.EXT.KFSD.FL.W.0002.000000T0000Z-160226T1800Z/
/SPWI4.1.ER.160221T1515Z.160222T1700Z.160225T1800Z.NO/
933 AM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Spencer.
* until Friday afternoon.
* At 08AM Tuesday the stage was 11.2 feet.
* Flood stage is 10.0 feet.
* Forecast...The river will continue to fall to below flood stage by 
  Thursday February 25.
* At stages near 10.0 feet...The right bank overflows, and minor 
flooding of the Spencer city park and some rural agricultural areas 
begins. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4315 9518 4315 9512 4315 9505 4299 9503
          4302 9510 4310 9510

$$

IAC021-041-241933-
/O.EXT.KFSD.FL.W.0003.160223T1531Z-000000T0000Z/
/LNNI4.1.ER.160223T1315Z.160224T1800Z.000000T0000Z.NO/
933 AM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

...Flood Warning extended until further notice... 
The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Linn Grove.
* until further notice.
* At 09AM Tuesday the stage was 18.0 feet.
* Flood stage is 18.0 feet.
* Recent activity...The river rose above flood stage on Tuesday 
  February 23.
* Forecast...The river will crest near 18.4 feet by Thursday February
  25 then begin falling.
* At stages near 18.5 feet...The city park in Sioux Rapids is 
flooded. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4302 9510 4299 9503 4287 9512 4288 9536
          4296 9543 4293 9520

$$

&& 
LOCATION FLOOD  LATEST OBSERVED  MAXIMUM FORECAST  RECENT OBSERVED
         STAGE  STAGE  TIME      STAGE  TIME       CREST TIME

LITTLE SIOUX RIVER
SPWI4    10.0   11.18 Tue 8 AM                      11.5  Mon Feb 22
LNNI4    18.0   18.04 Tue 9 AM    18.4  Wed 12 PM

120 
WGUS83 KFSD 232207
FLSFSD
FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
407 PM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Iowa...

  Little Sioux River At Spencer
  Little Sioux River At Linn Grove
 
.The following river forecasts include forecast precipitation through
tonight. Any additional future rains could affect the crest 
forecasts. 
 

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Safety message...Do not drive cars through flooded areas. the water 
depth and road condition may be unsafe.

Additional information is available at 
 
http://www.water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=fsd

Stay tuned for further updates by listening to NOAA weather radio...
or your local radio and TV stations.

The next scheduled statement will be issued tomorrow morning.

&&

IAC041-250207-
/O.CON.KFSD.FL.W.0002.000000T0000Z-160226T1800Z/
/SPWI4.1.ER.160221T1515Z.160222T1700Z.160225T1800Z.NO/
407 PM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Spencer.
* until Friday afternoon.
* At 03PM Tuesday the stage was 10.4 feet.
* Flood stage is 10.0 feet.
* Forecast...The river will rise to 10.9 feet by 6 PM Tuesday.
* At stages near 10.0 feet...The right bank overflows, and minor 
flooding of the Spencer city park and some rural agricultural areas 
begins. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4315 9518 4315 9512 4315 9505 4299 9503
          4302 9510 4310 9510

$$

IAC021-041-250207-
/O.CON.KFSD.FL.W.0003.000000T0000Z-000000T0000Z/
/LNNI4.1.ER.160223T1315Z.160224T1800Z.000000T0000Z.NO/
407 PM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Linn Grove.
* until further notice.
* At 03PM Tuesday the stage was 18.1 feet.
* Flood stage is 18.0 feet.
* Recent activity...The river rose above flood stage on Tuesday 
  February 23.
* Forecast...The river will crest near 18.4 feet by Thursday February
  25 then begin falling.
* At stages near 18.5 feet...The city park in Sioux Rapids is 
flooded. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4302 9510 4299 9503 4287 9512 4288 9536
          4296 9543 4293 9520

$$

&& 
LOCATION FLOOD  LATEST OBSERVED  MAXIMUM FORECAST  RECENT OBSERVED
         STAGE  STAGE  TIME      STAGE  TIME       CREST TIME

LITTLE SIOUX RIVER
SPWI4    10.0   10.43 Tue 3 PM    10.9  Tue 6 PM    11.5  Mon Feb 22
LNNI4    18.0   18.15 Tue 3 PM    18.4  Wed 12 PM   

ADAMS

964 
WGUS83 KFSD 240333
FLSFSD
FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
933 PM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Iowa...

  Little Sioux River At Spencer
  Little Sioux River At Linn Grove
 
.The following river forecasts include forecast precipitation through
tonight. Any additional future rains could affect the crest 
forecasts. 
 
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Safety message...Do not drive cars through flooded areas. the water 
depth and road condition may be unsafe.

Additional information is available at 
 
http://www.water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=fsd

Stay tuned for further updates by listening to NOAA weather radio...
or your local radio and TV stations.

The next scheduled statement will be issued tomorrow morning.

&&

IAC041-250732-
/O.EXT.KFSD.FL.W.0002.000000T0000Z-160225T1800Z/
/SPWI4.1.ER.160221T1515Z.160222T1700Z.160224T1800Z.NO/
933 PM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Spencer.
* until Thursday afternoon.
* At 09PM Tuesday the stage was 9.5 feet.
* Flood stage is 10.0 feet.
* At stages near 10.0 feet...The right bank overflows, and minor 
flooding of the Spencer city park and some rural agricultural areas 
begins. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4315 9518 4315 9512 4315 9505 4299 9503
          4302 9510 4310 9510

$$

IAC021-041-250732-
/O.CON.KFSD.FL.W.0003.000000T0000Z-000000T0000Z/
/LNNI4.1.ER.160223T1315Z.160224T1800Z.000000T0000Z.NO/
933 PM CST TUE FEB 23 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Linn Grove.
* until further notice.
* At 09PM Tuesday the stage was 18.2 feet.
* Flood stage is 18.0 feet.
* Forecast...The river will crest near 18.4 feet by Thursday February
  25 then begin falling.
* At stages near 18.5 feet...The city park in Sioux Rapids is 
flooded. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4302 9510 4299 9503 4287 9512 4288 9536
          4296 9543 4293 9520

$$

&& 
LOCATION FLOOD  LATEST OBSERVED  MAXIMUM FORECAST  
         STAGE  STAGE  TIME      STAGE  TIME       

LITTLE SIOUX RIVER
SPWI4    10.0    9.47 Tue 8 PM    10.1  Wed 12 AM   
LNNI4    18.0   18.16 Tue 9 PM    18.4  Wed 12 PM   

ADAMS

199 
WGUS83 KFSD 241510
FLSFSD
FLOOD STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SIOUX FALLS SD
910 AM CST WED FEB 24 2016

...The Flood Warning is cancelled for the following rivers in Iowa...

  Little Sioux River At Spencer

...The Flood Warning continues for the following rivers in Iowa...
  Little Sioux River At Linn Grove
 
.The following river forecasts include forecast precipitation through
tonight. Any additional future rains could affect the crest 
forecasts. 
 
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

Safety message...Do not drive cars through flooded areas. the water 
depth and road condition may be unsafe.

Additional information is available at 
 
http://www.water.weather.gov/ahps2/index.php?wfo=fsd

Stay tuned for further updates by listening to NOAA weather radio...
or your local radio and TV stations.

The next scheduled statement will be issued tomorrow morning.

&&

IAC041-241540-
/O.CAN.KFSD.FL.W.0002.000000T0000Z-160225T1800Z/
/SPWI4.1.ER.160221T1515Z.160222T1700Z.160223T2214Z.NO/
910 AM CST WED FEB 24 2016

The Flood Warning is cancelled for
  The Little Sioux River At Spencer.
* At 08AM Wednesday the stage was 9.1 feet.
* Flood stage is 10.0 feet.
* Recent activity...The river fell below flood stage at 4 PM Tuesday.
* Forecast...The river will continue to fall to 9.0 feet by 6 AM 
  Thursday.
* At stages near 9.5 feet...The lower left bank overflows and very 
  minor flooding of low lands begins. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4315 9518 4315 9512 4315 9505 4299 9503
          4302 9510 4310 9510

$$

IAC021-041-251910-
/O.CON.KFSD.FL.W.0003.000000T0000Z-000000T0000Z/
/LNNI4.1.ER.160223T1315Z.160224T1800Z.000000T0000Z.NO/
910 AM CST WED FEB 24 2016

The Flood Warning continues for
  The Little Sioux River At Linn Grove.
* until further notice.
* At 09AM Wednesday the stage was 18.2 feet.
* Flood stage is 18.0 feet.
* Forecast...The river will crest near 18.3 feet by Thursday February
  25 then begin falling.
* At stages near 18.5 feet...The city park in Sioux Rapids is 
  flooded. 

&&
 
LAT...LON 4302 9510 4299 9503 4287 9512 4288 9536
          4296 9543 4293 9520

$$

&& 
LOCATION FLOOD  LATEST OBSERVED  MAXIMUM FORECAST  RECENT OBSERVED
         STAGE  STAGE  TIME      STAGE  TIME       CREST TIME

LITTLE SIOUX RIVER
SPWI4    10.0    9.09 Wed 8 AM                      11.5  Mon Feb 22
LNNI4    18.0   18.23 Wed 9 AM    18.3  Wed 12 PM

MG

Nearby

River Flood Warnings in Iowa, 2016 Every river flood warning in 2016

Sources

The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive; the gauge from the NWS water service and the USGS.