Alert archive / South Carolina / Lake Wind Advisories in 2011
Lake Wind Advisory 13, NWS Columbia, SC
NWS Columbia, SC issued this lake wind advisory at Mar 22, 2011, 3:15 PM EDT for 16 counties in South Carolina; 5 counties in Georgia. It took effect at Mar 23, 2011, 12:00 PM EDT. It was in force for 31 hr.
The area
The counties it named.
The facts
- Issued
- Mar 22, 2011, 3:15 PM EDT (19:15 UTC)
- In effect from
- Mar 23, 2011, 12:00 PM EDT
- Expired
- Mar 24, 2011, 7:00 PM EDT
- In force
- 31 hr
- Issued by
- NWS Columbia, SC
All 21 counties
Burke County, GA, Columbia County, GA, Lincoln County, GA, McDuffie County, GA, Richmond County, GA, Aiken County, SC, Bamberg County, SC, Barnwell County, SC, Calhoun County, SC, Chesterfield County, SC, Clarendon County, SC, Edgefield County, SC, Fairfield County, SC, Kershaw County, SC, Lee County, SC, Lexington County, SC, McCormick County, SC, Newberry County, SC, Richland County, SC, Saluda County, SC, Sumter County, SC
The radar
The Columbia radar (KCAE), 28 km from the middle of the area, began a volume at 19:18 UTC, the scan nearest the moment this went out.
Open the radar archive at this moment
The archived warnings, watches and discussions in force at that minute are drawn over the scan, this one among them.
The nearest sounding before it
Charleston AFB, SC (KCHS), launched 12:00Z, 7.3 hours before the alert went out and 162 km from the middle of its area. This is the routine balloon launch nearest before it, the air the forecaster had in hand, not a measurement taken for the alert.
- Mixed-layer CAPE
- 0 J/kg
- Mixed-layer CIN
- No buoyant parcel
- Mixed-layer LCL
- 1482 m above ground
- 0-6 km bulk shear
- 29 kt
- 0-1 km storm-relative helicity
- 145 m²/s²
- 0-3 km storm-relative helicity
- 176 m²/s²
- Significant tornado parameter
- 0.0
- Supercell composite
- 0.0
The text
As transmitted, in the capitals the NWS used until 2016.
537 WWUS72 KCAE 221915 NPWCAE URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE COLUMBIA SC 315 PM EDT TUE MAR 22 2011 ...WINDY CONDITIONS EXPECTED WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH THURSDAY... .A COLD FRONT WILL COME THROUGH WEDNESDAY NIGHT. AHEAD OF THE FRONT...WINDS WILL PICK UP WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON OUT OF THE WEST SOUTHWEST...THEN SHIFT TO NORTHWEST BEHIND THE FRONT FOR THURSDAY. WIND SPEEDS ON AREA LAKES THROUGH THE PERIOD WILL BE SUSTAINED AROUND 15 TO 25 KNOTS...WITH HIGHER GUSTS UP TO 30 TO 35 KNOTS. WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO DIMINISH BELOW LAKE WIND ADVISORY CRITERIA BY LATE DAY THURSDAY. GAZ040-063>065-077-SCZ015-016-018-020>022-025>031-035>038-041- 230900- /O.NEW.KCAE.LW.Y.0013.110323T1600Z-110324T2300Z/ LINCOLN-MCDUFFIE-COLUMBIA-RICHMOND-BURKE-LANCASTER-CHESTERFIELD- MCCORMICK-NEWBERRY-FAIRFIELD-KERSHAW-EDGEFIELD-SALUDA-LEXINGTON- RICHLAND-LEE-AIKEN-SUMTER-BARNWELL-ORANGEBURG-CALHOUN-CLARENDON- BAMBERG- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...LINCOLNTON...THOMSON...MARTINEZ... EVANS...HEPHZIBAH...WAYNESBORO...LANCASTER...ELGIN...CHERAW... PAGELAND...MCCORMICK...NEWBERRY...WINNSBORO...CAMDEN...LUGOFF... EDGEFIELD...JOHNSTON...SALUDA...RIDGE SPRING...WEST COLUMBIA... CAYCE...LEXINGTON...RED BANK...COLUMBIA...BISHOPVILLE...AIKEN... NORTH AUGUSTA...SUMTER...BARNWELL...WILLISTON...BLACKVILLE... ORANGEBURG...ST. MATTHEWS...MANNING...SUMMERTON...BAMBERG... DENMARK 315 PM EDT TUE MAR 22 2011 ...LAKE WIND ADVISORY IN EFFECT FROM NOON WEDNESDAY TO 7 PM EDT THURSDAY... THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN COLUMBIA HAS ISSUED A LAKE WIND ADVISORY...WHICH IS IN EFFECT FROM NOON WEDNESDAY TO 7 PM EDT THURSDAY. * LOCATIONS...ALL LAKES ACROSS THE MIDLANDS AND CSRA. * TIMING...MID DAY WEDNESDAY THROUGH THURSDAY. * WINDS...15 TO 25 KNOTS WITH GUSTS UP TO 30 TO 35 KNOTS. * IMPACTS...WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES...CREATING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS FOR SMALL CRAFT. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY INDICATES THAT WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES. SMALL BOATS WILL BE ESPECIALLY PRONE TO CAPSIZING. && $$
6 follow-up statements
829 WWUS72 KCAE 230213 NPWCAE URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE COLUMBIA SC 1013 PM EDT TUE MAR 22 2011 ...WINDY CONDITIONS EXPECTED WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH THURSDAY... .A COLD FRONT WILL COME THROUGH WEDNESDAY NIGHT. AHEAD OF THE FRONT WINDS WILL PICK UP WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON OUT OF THE WEST SOUTHWEST THEN SHIFT TO NORTHWEST BEHIND THE FRONT FOR THURSDAY. WIND SPEEDS ON AREA LAKES THROUGH THE PERIOD WILL BE SUSTAINED AROUND 15 TO 25 KNOTS...WITH HIGHER GUSTS UP TO 30 TO 35 KNOTS. WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO DIMINISH BELOW LAKE WIND ADVISORY CRITERIA BY LATE DAY THURSDAY. GAZ040-063>065-077-SCZ015-016-018-020>022-025>031-035>038-041- 231015- /O.CON.KCAE.LW.Y.0013.110323T1600Z-110324T2300Z/ LINCOLN-MCDUFFIE-COLUMBIA-RICHMOND-BURKE-LANCASTER-CHESTERFIELD- MCCORMICK-NEWBERRY-FAIRFIELD-KERSHAW-EDGEFIELD-SALUDA-LEXINGTON- RICHLAND-LEE-AIKEN-SUMTER-BARNWELL-ORANGEBURG-CALHOUN-CLARENDON- BAMBERG- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...LINCOLNTON...THOMSON...MARTINEZ... EVANS...HEPHZIBAH...WAYNESBORO...LANCASTER...ELGIN...CHERAW... PAGELAND...MCCORMICK...NEWBERRY...WINNSBORO...CAMDEN...LUGOFF... EDGEFIELD...JOHNSTON...SALUDA...RIDGE SPRING...WEST COLUMBIA... CAYCE...LEXINGTON...RED BANK...COLUMBIA...BISHOPVILLE...AIKEN... NORTH AUGUSTA...SUMTER...BARNWELL...WILLISTON...BLACKVILLE... ORANGEBURG...ST. MATTHEWS...MANNING...SUMMERTON...BAMBERG... DENMARK 1013 PM EDT TUE MAR 22 2011 ...LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON WEDNESDAY TO 7 PM EDT THURSDAY... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM NOON WEDNESDAY TO 7 PM EDT THURSDAY. * LOCATIONS...ALL LAKES ACROSS THE MIDLANDS AND CSRA. * TIMING...MID DAY WEDNESDAY THROUGH THURSDAY. * WINDS...15 TO 25 KNOTS WITH GUSTS UP TO 35 KNOTS. * IMPACTS...WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES...CREATING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS FOR SMALL CRAFT. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY INDICATES THAT WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES. SMALL BOATS WILL BE ESPECIALLY PRONE TO CAPSIZING. && $$
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
032 WWUS72 KCAE 231602 NPWCAE URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE COLUMBIA SC 1202 PM EDT WED MAR 23 2011 ...WINDY CONDITIONS EXPECTED THROUGH THURSDAY... .A COLD FRONT WILL CROSS THE AREA TONIGHT. WINDS AHEAD OF THIS FRONT WILL BE WEST SOUTHWEST AT 15 TO 25 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 35 KNOTS. BEHIND THE FRONT WINDS WILL SHIFT TO NORTHWEST AND REMAIN 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 30 KNOTS FOR THURSDAY. WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO DIMINISH BELOW LAKE WIND ADVISORY CRITERIA THURSDAY EVENING AS THE PRESSURE GRADIENT WEAKENS. GAZ040-063>065-077-SCZ015-016-018-020>022-025>031-035>038-041- 240800- /O.CON.KCAE.LW.Y.0013.000000T0000Z-110324T2300Z/ LINCOLN-MCDUFFIE-COLUMBIA-RICHMOND-BURKE-LANCASTER-CHESTERFIELD- MCCORMICK-NEWBERRY-FAIRFIELD-KERSHAW-EDGEFIELD-SALUDA-LEXINGTON- RICHLAND-LEE-AIKEN-SUMTER-BARNWELL-ORANGEBURG-CALHOUN-CLARENDON- BAMBERG- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...LINCOLNTON...THOMSON...MARTINEZ... EVANS...HEPHZIBAH...WAYNESBORO...LANCASTER...ELGIN...CHERAW... PAGELAND...MCCORMICK...NEWBERRY...WINNSBORO...CAMDEN...LUGOFF... EDGEFIELD...JOHNSTON...SALUDA...RIDGE SPRING...WEST COLUMBIA... CAYCE...LEXINGTON...RED BANK...COLUMBIA...BISHOPVILLE...AIKEN... NORTH AUGUSTA...SUMTER...BARNWELL...WILLISTON...BLACKVILLE... ORANGEBURG...ST. MATTHEWS...MANNING...SUMMERTON...BAMBERG... DENMARK 1202 PM EDT WED MAR 23 2011 ...LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THURSDAY... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THURSDAY. * TIMING...WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH THURSDAY. * WINDS...WEST 10 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS UP TO 30 KNOTS. * IMPACTS...WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES...CREATING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS FOR SMALL CRAFT. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY INDICATES THAT WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES. SMALL BOATS WILL BE ESPECIALLY PRONE TO CAPSIZING. && $$
137 WWUS72 KCAE 240756 NPWCAE URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE COLUMBIA SC 356 AM EDT THU MAR 24 2011 ...STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS CONTINUING TODAY... .A COLD FRONT WILL CROSS THE AREA THIS MORNING. WINDS AHEAD OF THIS FRONT WILL BE WESTERLY AT 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 30 KNOTS. BEHIND THE FRONT WINDS WILL SHIFT TO NORTHWEST WITH SPEEDS REMAINING 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 30 KNOTS INTO THIS EVENING. WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO DIMINISH BELOW LAKE WIND ADVISORY CRITERIA THIS EVENING AS THE PRESSURE GRADIENT WEAKENS. GAZ040-063>065-077-SCZ015-016-018-020>022-025>031-035>038-041- 241600- /O.CON.KCAE.LW.Y.0013.000000T0000Z-110324T2300Z/ LINCOLN-MCDUFFIE-COLUMBIA-RICHMOND-BURKE-LANCASTER-CHESTERFIELD- MCCORMICK-NEWBERRY-FAIRFIELD-KERSHAW-EDGEFIELD-SALUDA-LEXINGTON- RICHLAND-LEE-AIKEN-SUMTER-BARNWELL-ORANGEBURG-CALHOUN-CLARENDON- BAMBERG- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...LINCOLNTON...THOMSON...MARTINEZ... EVANS...HEPHZIBAH...WAYNESBORO...LANCASTER...ELGIN...CHERAW... PAGELAND...MCCORMICK...NEWBERRY...WINNSBORO...CAMDEN...LUGOFF... EDGEFIELD...JOHNSTON...SALUDA...RIDGE SPRING...WEST COLUMBIA... CAYCE...LEXINGTON...RED BANK...COLUMBIA...BISHOPVILLE...AIKEN... NORTH AUGUSTA...SUMTER...BARNWELL...WILLISTON...BLACKVILLE... ORANGEBURG...ST. MATTHEWS...MANNING...SUMMERTON...BAMBERG... DENMARK 356 AM EDT THU MAR 24 2011 ...LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING. * TIMING...WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON THROUGH THURSDAY. * WINDS...WEST 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS UP TO 30 KNOTS. * IMPACTS...WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES...CREATING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS FOR SMALL CRAFT. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY INDICATES THAT WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES. SMALL BOATS WILL BE ESPECIALLY PRONE TO CAPSIZING. && $$
603 WWUS72 KCAE 241914 NPWCAE URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE COLUMBIA SC 314 PM EDT THU MAR 24 2011 ...STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS CONTINUING TODAY... .A COLD FRONT WILL CROSS THE AREA THIS MORNING. WINDS AHEAD OF THIS FRONT WILL BE WESTERLY AT 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 30 KNOTS. BEHIND THE FRONT WINDS WILL SHIFT TO NORTHWEST WITH SPEEDS REMAINING 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 30 KNOTS INTO THIS EVENING. WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO DIMINISH BELOW LAKE WIND ADVISORY CRITERIA THIS EVENING AS THE PRESSURE GRADIENT WEAKENS. GAZ040-063>065-077-SCZ015-016-018-020>022-025>031-035>038-041- 242300- /O.CON.KCAE.LW.Y.0013.000000T0000Z-110324T2300Z/ LINCOLN-MCDUFFIE-COLUMBIA-RICHMOND-BURKE-LANCASTER-CHESTERFIELD- MCCORMICK-NEWBERRY-FAIRFIELD-KERSHAW-EDGEFIELD-SALUDA-LEXINGTON- RICHLAND-LEE-AIKEN-SUMTER-BARNWELL-ORANGEBURG-CALHOUN-CLARENDON- BAMBERG- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...LINCOLNTON...THOMSON...MARTINEZ... EVANS...HEPHZIBAH...WAYNESBORO...LANCASTER...ELGIN...CHERAW... PAGELAND...MCCORMICK...NEWBERRY...WINNSBORO...CAMDEN...LUGOFF... EDGEFIELD...JOHNSTON...SALUDA...RIDGE SPRING...WEST COLUMBIA... CAYCE...LEXINGTON...RED BANK...COLUMBIA...BISHOPVILLE...AIKEN... NORTH AUGUSTA...SUMTER...BARNWELL...WILLISTON...BLACKVILLE... ORANGEBURG...ST. MATTHEWS...MANNING...SUMMERTON...BAMBERG... DENMARK 314 PM EDT THU MAR 24 2011 ...LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING. * TIMING...THROUGH THIS EVENING. * WINDS...WEST 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS UP TO 30 KNOTS. * IMPACTS...WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES...CREATING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS FOR SMALL CRAFT. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY INDICATES THAT WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES. SMALL BOATS WILL BE ESPECIALLY PRONE TO CAPSIZING. && $$
070 WWUS72 KCAE 241916 NPWCAE URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE COLUMBIA SC 316 PM EDT THU MAR 24 2011 ...STRONG AND GUSTY WINDS CONTINUING THIS AFTERNOON... .NORTHWEST WINDS WITH SPEEDS REMAINING 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 30 KNOTS INTO THIS EVENING. WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO DIMINISH BELOW LAKE WIND ADVISORY CRITERIA THIS EVENING AS THE PRESSURE GRADIENT WEAKENS. GAZ040-063>065-077-SCZ015-016-018-020>022-025>031-035>038-041- 242300- /O.CON.KCAE.LW.Y.0013.000000T0000Z-110324T2300Z/ LINCOLN-MCDUFFIE-COLUMBIA-RICHMOND-BURKE-LANCASTER-CHESTERFIELD- MCCORMICK-NEWBERRY-FAIRFIELD-KERSHAW-EDGEFIELD-SALUDA-LEXINGTON- RICHLAND-LEE-AIKEN-SUMTER-BARNWELL-ORANGEBURG-CALHOUN-CLARENDON- BAMBERG- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...LINCOLNTON...THOMSON...MARTINEZ... EVANS...HEPHZIBAH...WAYNESBORO...LANCASTER...ELGIN...CHERAW... PAGELAND...MCCORMICK...NEWBERRY...WINNSBORO...CAMDEN...LUGOFF... EDGEFIELD...JOHNSTON...SALUDA...RIDGE SPRING...WEST COLUMBIA... CAYCE...LEXINGTON...RED BANK...COLUMBIA...BISHOPVILLE...AIKEN... NORTH AUGUSTA...SUMTER...BARNWELL...WILLISTON...BLACKVILLE... ORANGEBURG...ST. MATTHEWS...MANNING...SUMMERTON...BAMBERG... DENMARK 316 PM EDT THU MAR 24 2011 ...LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 7 PM EDT THIS EVENING. * TIMING...THROUGH THIS EVENING. * WINDS...WEST 15 TO 20 KNOTS WITH GUSTS UP TO 30 KNOTS. * IMPACTS...WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES...CREATING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS FOR SMALL CRAFT. PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... A LAKE WIND ADVISORY INDICATES THAT WINDS WILL CAUSE ROUGH CHOP ON AREA LAKES. SMALL BOATS WILL BE ESPECIALLY PRONE TO CAPSIZING. && $$
Nearby
Lake Wind Advisories in South Carolina, 2011Lake Wind Advisories in Georgia, 2011Every lake wind advisory in 2011
Sources
The product and its follow-ups from the Iowa Environmental Mesonet's archive of National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center text; the sounding from the Mesonet's radiosonde archive; radar from the NEXRAD Level II archive.